Introduce StanzaBuilder

As first step to immutable Stanza types.

documentation/overview.md

@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ Smack Key Advantages
     AbstractXMPPConnection connection = new XMPPTCPConnection("mtucker", "password", "jabber.org");
     connection.connect().login();
 
-    Message message = new Message("jsmith@jivesoftware.com", "Howdy! How are you?");
+    Message message = connection.getStanzaFactory()
+                      .buildMessageStanza()
+                      .to("jsmith@jivesoftware.com")
+                      .setBody("Howdy! How are you?")
+                      .build();
     connection.sendStanza(message);
     ```
 

smack-bosh/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/bosh/XMPPBOSHConnection.java

@@ -517,8 +517,8 @@ public class XMPPBOSHConnection extends AbstractXMPPConnection {
                                 if ("urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-streams".equals(parser.getNamespace(null))) {
                                     throw new StreamErrorException(PacketParserUtils.parseStreamError(parser));
                                 } else {
-                                    StanzaError.Builder builder = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser);
+                                    StanzaError stanzaError = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser);
-                                    throw new XMPPException.XMPPErrorException(null, builder.build());
+                                    throw new XMPPException.XMPPErrorException(null, stanzaError);
                                 }
                             default:
                                 parseAndProcessNonza(parser);

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/AbstractXMPPConnection.java

@@ -105,11 +105,13 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Session;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaFactory;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StartTls;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StreamError;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StreamOpen;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.TopLevelStreamElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.XmlEnvironment;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.parsing.ParsingExceptionCallback;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.parsing.SmackParsingException;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.provider.ExtensionElementProvider;
@@ -402,6 +404,8 @@ public abstract class AbstractXMPPConnection implements XMPPConnection {
     private final Map<QName, IQRequestHandler> setIqRequestHandler = new HashMap<>();
     private final Map<QName, IQRequestHandler> getIqRequestHandler = new HashMap<>();
 
+    private final StanzaFactory stanzaFactory;
+
     /**
      * Create a new XMPPConnection to an XMPP server.
      *
@@ -440,6 +444,9 @@ public abstract class AbstractXMPPConnection implements XMPPConnection {
         for (ConnectionCreationListener listener : XMPPConnectionRegistry.getConnectionCreationListeners()) {
             listener.connectionCreated(this);
         }
+
+        StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource = configuration.constructStanzaIdSource();
+        stanzaFactory = new StanzaFactory(stanzaIdSource);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -733,7 +740,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractXMPPConnection implements XMPPConnection {
         // eventually load the roster. And we should load the roster before we
         // send the initial presence.
         if (config.isSendPresence() && !resumed) {
-            sendStanza(new Presence(Presence.Type.available));
+            Presence availablePresence = getStanzaFactory()
+                            .buildPresenceStanza()
+                            .ofType(Presence.Type.available)
+                            .build();
+            sendStanza(availablePresence);
         }
     }
 
@@ -814,6 +825,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractXMPPConnection implements XMPPConnection {
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public final StanzaFactory getStanzaFactory() {
+        return stanzaFactory;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public final void sendStanza(Stanza stanza) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(stanza, "Stanza must not be null");
@@ -893,7 +909,9 @@ public abstract class AbstractXMPPConnection implements XMPPConnection {
     public void disconnect() {
         Presence unavailablePresence = null;
         if (isAuthenticated()) {
-            unavailablePresence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+            unavailablePresence = getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
+                            .ofType(Presence.Type.unavailable)
+                            .build();
         }
         try {
             disconnect(unavailablePresence);
@@ -1416,7 +1434,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractXMPPConnection implements XMPPConnection {
                     // If the IQ stanza is of type "get" or "set" with no registered IQ request handler, then answer an
                     // IQ of type 'error' with condition 'service-unavailable'.
                     final ErrorIQ errorIQ = IQ.createErrorResponse(iq, StanzaError.getBuilder(
-                                    replyCondition));
+                                    replyCondition).build());
                     // Use async sendStanza() here, since if sendStanza() would block, then some connections, e.g.
                     // XmppNioTcpConnection, would deadlock, as this operation is performed in the same thread that is
                     asyncGo(() -> {

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/ConnectionConfiguration.java

@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
 import javax.security.auth.callback.CallbackHandler;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.debugger.SmackDebuggerFactory;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StandardStanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSourceFactory;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.proxy.ProxyInfo;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.sasl.SASLMechanism;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.sasl.core.SASLAnonymous;
@@ -159,6 +162,8 @@ public abstract class ConnectionConfiguration {
 
     private final boolean compressionEnabled;
 
+    private final StanzaIdSourceFactory stanzaIdSourceFactory;
+
     protected ConnectionConfiguration(Builder<?, ?> builder) {
         authzid = builder.authzid;
         username = builder.username;
@@ -213,6 +218,8 @@ public abstract class ConnectionConfiguration {
 
         compressionEnabled = builder.compressionEnabled;
 
+        stanzaIdSourceFactory = builder.stanzaIdSourceFactory;
+
         // If the enabledSaslmechanisms are set, then they must not be empty
         assert enabledSaslMechanisms == null || !enabledSaslMechanisms.isEmpty();
 
@@ -568,6 +575,10 @@ public abstract class ConnectionConfiguration {
         return Collections.unmodifiableSet(enabledSaslMechanisms);
     }
 
+    StanzaIdSource constructStanzaIdSource() {
+        return stanzaIdSourceFactory.constructStanzaIdSource();
+    }
+
     /**
      * A builder for XMPP connection configurations.
      * <p>
@@ -612,6 +623,7 @@ public abstract class ConnectionConfiguration {
         private Set<String> enabledSaslMechanisms;
         private X509TrustManager customX509TrustManager;
         private boolean compressionEnabled = false;
+        private StanzaIdSourceFactory stanzaIdSourceFactory = new StandardStanzaIdSource.Factory();
 
         protected Builder() {
             if (SmackConfiguration.DEBUG) {
@@ -1134,6 +1146,17 @@ public abstract class ConnectionConfiguration {
             return getThis();
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Set the factory for stanza ID sources to use.
+         *
+         * @param stanzaIdSourceFactory the factory for stanza ID sources to use.
+         * @return a reference to this builder.
+         * @since 4.4
+         */
+        public B setStanzaIdSourceFactory(StanzaIdSourceFactory stanzaIdSourceFactory) {
+            this.stanzaIdSourceFactory = Objects.requireNonNull(stanzaIdSourceFactory);
+            return getThis();
+        }
 
         public abstract C build();
 

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/SmackInitialization.java

@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.sasl.core.ScramSha1PlusMechanism;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.CloseableUtil;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.FileUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
-
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
 
 

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/XMPPConnection.java

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.FullyQualifiedElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Nonza;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaFactory;
 
 import org.jxmpp.jid.DomainBareJid;
 import org.jxmpp.jid.EntityFullJid;
@@ -178,6 +179,8 @@ public interface XMPPConnection {
      */
     boolean isUsingCompression();
 
+    StanzaFactory getStanzaFactory();
+
     /**
      * Sends the specified stanza to the server.
      *

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/compress/provider/FailureProvider.java

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.XmlEnvironment;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.parsing.SmackParsingException;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.provider.NonzaProvider;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
-
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParserException;
 
@@ -62,8 +61,7 @@ public final class FailureProvider extends NonzaProvider<Failure> {
                 case StreamOpen.SERVER_NAMESPACE:
                     switch (name) {
                         case StanzaError.ERROR:
-                            StanzaError.Builder stanzaErrorBuilder = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser, failureXmlEnvironment);
+                            stanzaError = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser, failureXmlEnvironment);
-                            stanzaError = stanzaErrorBuilder.build();
                             break;
                         default:
                             LOGGER.warning("Unknown element in " + namespace + ": " + name);

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/EmptyResultIQ.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright © 2014 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright © 2014-2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,14 +18,18 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 
 public class EmptyResultIQ extends IQ {
 
+    EmptyResultIQ(IqBuilder iqBuilder) {
+        super(iqBuilder, null, null);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Deprecate when stanza builder and parsing logic is ready.
     public EmptyResultIQ() {
         super(null, null);
         setType(IQ.Type.result);
     }
 
     public EmptyResultIQ(IQ request) {
-        this();
+        this(StanzaBuilder.buildIqResultFor(request));
-        initializeAsResultFor(request);
     }
 
     @Override

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/ErrorIQ.java

@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ public class ErrorIQ extends SimpleIQ {
      * <p>
      * According to RFC 6120 § 8.3.1 "4. An error stanza MUST contain an &lt;error/&gt; child element.", so the xmppError argument is mandatory.
      * </p>
-     * @param xmppErrorBuilder the XMPPError builder (required).
+     * @param stanzaError the stanzaError (required).
      */
-    public ErrorIQ(StanzaError.Builder xmppErrorBuilder) {
+    public ErrorIQ(StanzaError stanzaError) {
         super(ELEMENT, null);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(xmppErrorBuilder, "xmppErrorBuilder must not be null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(stanzaError, "stanzaError must not be null");
         setType(IQ.Type.error);
-        setError(xmppErrorBuilder);
+        setError(stanzaError);
     }
 
 }

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/FullyQualifiedElement.java

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 
 import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
 
-public interface FullyQualifiedElement extends NamedElement {
+public interface FullyQualifiedElement extends NamedElement, XmlLangElement {
 
     /**
      * Returns the root element XML namespace.
@@ -33,11 +33,7 @@ public interface FullyQualifiedElement extends NamedElement {
         return new QName(namespaceURI, localPart);
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the xml:lang of this XML element, or null if one has not been set.
-     *
-     * @return the xml:lang of this XML element, or null.
-     */
     default String getLanguage() {
         return null;
     }

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/IQ.java

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.XmlStringBuilder;
  *
  * @author Matt Tucker
  */
-public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
+public abstract class IQ extends Stanza implements IqView {
 
     // Don't name this field 'ELEMENT'. When it comes to IQ, ELEMENT is the child element!
     public static final String IQ_ELEMENT = "iq";
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
 
     private Type type = Type.get;
 
+    // TODO: This method should be protected!
     public IQ(IQ iq) {
         super(iq);
         type = iq.getType();
@@ -62,7 +63,16 @@ public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
         this.childElementQName = iq.childElementQName;
     }
 
+    // TODO: Deprecate when stanza builder is ready.
     protected IQ(String childElementName, String childElementNamespace) {
+        this(IqBuilder.EMPTY, childElementName, childElementNamespace);
+    }
+
+    protected IQ(IqBuilder iqBuilder, String childElementName, String childElementNamespace) {
+        super(iqBuilder);
+
+        type = iqBuilder.type;
+
         this.childElementName = childElementName;
         this.childElementNamespace = childElementNamespace;
         if (childElementName == null) {
@@ -72,11 +82,7 @@ public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the type of the IQ packet.
-     *
-     * @return the type of the IQ packet.
-     */
     public Type getType() {
         return type;
     }
@@ -90,6 +96,7 @@ public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
      *
      * @param type the type of the IQ packet.
      */
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
     public void setType(Type type) {
         this.type = Objects.requireNonNull(type, "type must not be null");
     }
@@ -260,19 +267,6 @@ public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
      */
     protected abstract IQChildElementXmlStringBuilder getIQChildElementBuilder(IQChildElementXmlStringBuilder xml);
 
-    protected final void initializeAsResultFor(IQ request) {
-        assert this != request;
-
-        if (!(request.getType() == Type.get || request.getType() == Type.set)) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-                    "IQ must be of type 'set' or 'get'. Original IQ: " + request.toXML());
-        }
-        setStanzaId(request.getStanzaId());
-        setFrom(request.getTo());
-        setTo(request.getFrom());
-        setType(Type.result);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Convenience method to create a new empty {@link Type#result IQ.Type.result}
      * IQ based on a {@link Type#get IQ.Type.get} or {@link Type#set IQ.Type.set}
@@ -311,7 +305,7 @@ public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
      *      {@link Type#get IQ.Type.get} or {@link Type#set IQ.Type.set}.
      * @return a new {@link Type#error IQ.Type.error} IQ based on the originating IQ.
      */
-    public static ErrorIQ createErrorResponse(final IQ request, final StanzaError.Builder error) {
+    public static ErrorIQ createErrorResponse(final IQ request, final StanzaError error) {
         if (!request.isRequestIQ()) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "IQ must be of type 'set' or 'get'. Original IQ: " + request.toXML());
@@ -321,35 +315,25 @@ public abstract class IQ extends Stanza {
         result.setFrom(request.getTo());
         result.setTo(request.getFrom());
 
-        error.setStanza(result);
-
         return result;
     }
 
-    public static ErrorIQ createErrorResponse(final IQ request, final StanzaError.Condition condition) {
+    /**
-        return createErrorResponse(request, StanzaError.getBuilder(condition));
+     * Deprecated.
+     *
+     * @param request the request.
+     * @param error the error.
+     * @return an error IQ.
+     * @deprecated use {@link #createErrorResponse(IQ, StanzaError)} instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
+    public static ErrorIQ createErrorResponse(final IQ request, final StanzaError.Builder error) {
+        return createErrorResponse(request, error.build());
     }
 
-    /**
+    public static ErrorIQ createErrorResponse(final IQ request, final StanzaError.Condition condition) {
-     * Convenience method to create a new {@link Type#error IQ.Type.error} IQ
+        return createErrorResponse(request, StanzaError.getBuilder(condition).build());
-     * based on a {@link Type#get IQ.Type.get} or {@link Type#set IQ.Type.set}
-     * IQ. The new stanza will be initialized with:<ul>
-     *      <li>The sender set to the recipient of the originating IQ.
-     *      <li>The recipient set to the sender of the originating IQ.
-     *      <li>The type set to {@link Type#error IQ.Type.error}.
-     *      <li>The id set to the id of the originating IQ.
-     *      <li>The child element contained in the associated originating IQ.
-     *      <li>The provided {@link StanzaError XMPPError}.
-     * </ul>
-     *
-     * @param request the {@link Type#get IQ.Type.get} or {@link Type#set IQ.Type.set} IQ packet.
-     * @param error the error to associate with the created IQ packet.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the IQ stanza does not have a type of
-     *      {@link Type#get IQ.Type.get} or {@link Type#set IQ.Type.set}.
-     * @return a new {@link Type#error IQ.Type.error} IQ based on the originating IQ.
-     */
-    public static ErrorIQ createErrorResponse(final IQ request, final StanzaError error) {
-        return createErrorResponse(request, StanzaError.getBuilder(error));
     }
 
     /**

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/IqBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ.Type;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StandardStanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Objects;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.ToStringUtil;
+
+public final class IqBuilder extends StanzaBuilder<IqBuilder> implements IqView {
+    static final IqBuilder EMPTY = new IqBuilder(StandardStanzaIdSource.DEFAULT);
+
+    IQ.Type type = Type.get;
+
+    IqBuilder(StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        super(stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    IqBuilder(String stanzaId) {
+        super(stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void addStanzaSpecificAttributes(ToStringUtil.Builder builder) {
+        builder.addValue("type", type);
+    }
+
+    public IqBuilder ofType(IQ.Type type) {
+        this.type = Objects.requireNonNull(type);
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IqBuilder getThis() {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IQ.Type getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/IqView.java

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+public interface IqView extends StanzaView {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the type of the IQ packet.
+     *
+     * @return the type of the IQ packet.
+     */
+    IQ.Type getType();
+
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/Message.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Set;
 
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.EqualsUtil;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.HashCode;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Objects;
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ import org.jxmpp.stringprep.XmppStringprepException;
  *
  * @author Matt Tucker
  */
-public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
+public final class Message extends Stanza implements MessageView, TypedCloneable<Message> {
 
     public static final String ELEMENT = "message";
     public static final String BODY = "body";
@@ -66,11 +68,12 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
     private Type type;
     private String thread = null;
 
-    private final Set<Subject> subjects = new HashSet<Subject>();
-
     /**
      * Creates a new, "normal" message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder}, preferable via {@link StanzaFactory}, instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Message() {
     }
 
@@ -78,7 +81,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * Creates a new "normal" message to the specified recipient.
      *
      * @param to the recipient of the message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder}, preferable via {@link StanzaFactory}, instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Message(Jid to) {
         setTo(to);
     }
@@ -88,7 +94,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      *
      * @param to the user to send the message to.
      * @param type the message type.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder}, preferable via {@link StanzaFactory}, instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Message(Jid to, Type type) {
         this(to);
         setType(type);
@@ -99,7 +108,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      *
      * @param to the user to send the message to.
      * @param body the body of the message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder}, preferable via {@link StanzaFactory}, instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Message(Jid to, String body) {
         this(to);
         setBody(body);
@@ -111,7 +123,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @param to the user to send the message to.
      * @param body the body of the message.
      * @throws XmppStringprepException if 'to' is not a valid XMPP address.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder}, preferable via {@link StanzaFactory}, instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Message(String to, String body) throws XmppStringprepException {
         this(JidCreate.from(to), body);
     }
@@ -122,12 +137,21 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @param to TODO javadoc me please
      * @param extensionElement TODO javadoc me please
      * @since 4.2
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder}, preferable via {@link StanzaFactory}, instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Message(Jid to, ExtensionElement extensionElement) {
         this(to);
         addExtension(extensionElement);
     }
 
+    Message(MessageBuilder messageBuilder) {
+        super(messageBuilder);
+        type = messageBuilder.type;
+        thread = messageBuilder.thread;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Copy constructor.
      * <p>
@@ -141,15 +165,9 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
         super(other);
         this.type = other.type;
         this.thread = other.thread;
-        this.subjects.addAll(other.subjects);
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the type of the message. If no type has been set this method will return {@link
-     * org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Type#normal}.
-     *
-     * @return the type of the message.
-     */
     public Type getType() {
         if (type == null) {
             return Type.normal;
@@ -161,7 +179,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * Sets the type of the message.
      *
      * @param type the type of the message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void setType(Type type) {
         this.type = type;
     }
@@ -195,8 +216,9 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
 
     private Subject getMessageSubject(String language) {
         language = determineLanguage(language);
-        for (Subject subject : subjects) {
+        for (Subject subject : getSubjects()) {
-            if (Objects.equals(language, subject.language)) {
+            if (Objects.equals(language, subject.language)
+                            || (subject.language == null && Objects.equals(this.language, language))) {
                 return subject;
             }
         }
@@ -210,7 +232,12 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @return a collection of all subjects in this message.
      */
     public Set<Subject> getSubjects() {
-        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(subjects);
+        List<Subject> subjectList = getExtensions(Subject.class);
+
+        Set<Subject> subjects = new HashSet<>(subjectList.size());
+        subjects.addAll(subjectList);
+
+        return subjects;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -218,7 +245,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * message contents.
      *
      * @param subject the subject of the message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public void setSubject(String subject) {
         if (subject == null) {
             removeSubject(""); // use empty string because #removeSubject(null) is ambiguous
@@ -235,10 +265,20 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @return the new {@link org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Subject}
      * @throws NullPointerException if the subject is null, a null pointer exception is thrown
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public Subject addSubject(String language, String subject) {
         language = determineLanguage(language);
+
+        List<Subject> currentSubjects = getExtensions(Subject.class);
+        for (Subject currentSubject : currentSubjects) {
+            if (language.equals(currentSubject.getLanguage())) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Subject with the language " + language + " already exists");
+            }
+        }
+
         Subject messageSubject = new Subject(language, subject);
-        subjects.add(messageSubject);
+        addExtension(messageSubject);
         return messageSubject;
     }
 
@@ -248,11 +288,13 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @param language the language of the subject which is to be removed
      * @return true if a subject was removed and false if it was not.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public boolean removeSubject(String language) {
         language = determineLanguage(language);
-        for (Subject subject : subjects) {
+        for (Subject subject : getExtensions(Subject.class)) {
             if (language.equals(subject.language)) {
-                return subjects.remove(subject);
+                return removeSubject(subject);
             }
         }
         return false;
@@ -264,8 +306,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @param subject the subject being removed from the message.
      * @return true if the subject was successfully removed and false if it was not.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public boolean removeSubject(Subject subject) {
-        return subjects.remove(subject);
+        return removeExtension(subject) != null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -276,7 +320,7 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
     public List<String> getSubjectLanguages() {
         Subject defaultSubject = getMessageSubject(null);
         List<String> languages = new ArrayList<String>();
-        for (Subject subject : subjects) {
+        for (Subject subject : getExtensions(Subject.class)) {
             if (!subject.equals(defaultSubject)) {
                 languages.add(subject.language);
             }
@@ -345,7 +389,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @param body the body of the message.
      * @see #setBody(String)
      * @since 4.2
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public void setBody(CharSequence body) {
         String bodyString;
         if (body != null) {
@@ -360,7 +407,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * Sets the body of the message. The body is the main message contents.
      *
      * @param body the body of the message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public void setBody(String body) {
         if (body == null) {
             removeBody(""); // use empty string because #removeBody(null) is ambiguous
@@ -377,7 +427,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @return the new {@link org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Body}
      * @throws NullPointerException if the body is null, a null pointer exception is thrown
      * @since 3.0.2
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public Body addBody(String language, String body) {
         language = determineLanguage(language);
 
@@ -393,7 +446,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      *
      * @param language the language of the body which is to be removed
      * @return true if a body was removed and false if it was not.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public boolean removeBody(String language) {
         language = determineLanguage(language);
         for (Body body : getBodies()) {
@@ -412,7 +468,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * @param body the body being removed from the message.
      * @return true if the body was successfully removed and false if it was not.
      * @since 3.0.2
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public boolean removeBody(Body body) {
         ExtensionElement removedElement = removeExtension(body);
         return removedElement != null;
@@ -450,7 +509,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
      * of "chat" messages.
      *
      * @param thread the thread id of the message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public void setThread(String thread) {
         this.thread = thread;
     }
@@ -472,6 +534,10 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
         return ELEMENT;
     }
 
+    public MessageBuilder asBuilder() {
+        return StanzaBuilder.buildMessageFrom(this, getStanzaId());
+    }
+
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
@@ -491,18 +557,6 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
         buf.optAttribute("type", type);
         buf.rightAngleBracket();
 
-        // Add the subject in the default language
-        Subject defaultSubject = getMessageSubject(null);
-        if (defaultSubject != null) {
-            buf.element("subject", defaultSubject.subject);
-        }
-        // Add the subject in other languages
-        for (Subject subject : getSubjects()) {
-            // Skip the default language
-            if (subject.equals(defaultSubject))
-                continue;
-            buf.append(subject);
-        }
         buf.optElement("thread", thread);
         // Append the error subpacket if the message type is an error.
         if (type == Type.error) {
@@ -537,10 +591,12 @@ public final class Message extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Message> {
         public static final String ELEMENT = "subject";
         public static final String NAMESPACE = StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE;
 
+        public static final QName QNAME = new QName(NAMESPACE, ELEMENT);
+
         private final String subject;
         private final String language;
 
-        private Subject(String language, String subject) {
+        public Subject(String language, String subject) {
             if (subject == null) {
                 throw new NullPointerException("Subject cannot be null.");
             }

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/MessageBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Body;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Subject;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.ToStringUtil;
+
+public final class MessageBuilder extends StanzaBuilder<MessageBuilder> implements MessageView {
+    static final MessageBuilder EMPTY = new MessageBuilder(() -> {
+        return null;
+    });
+
+    Message.Type type;
+
+    String thread;
+
+    MessageBuilder(Message message, String stanzaId) {
+        super(message, stanzaId);
+        copyFromMessage(message);
+    }
+
+    MessageBuilder(Message message, StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        super(message, stanzaIdSource);
+        copyFromMessage(message);
+    }
+
+    MessageBuilder(StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        super(stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    MessageBuilder(String stanzaId) {
+        super(stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    private void copyFromMessage(Message message) {
+        type = message.getType();
+        thread = message.getThread();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void addStanzaSpecificAttributes(ToStringUtil.Builder builder) {
+        builder.addValue("type", type)
+               .addValue("thread", thread)
+               ;
+    }
+
+    public MessageBuilder ofType(Message.Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public MessageBuilder setThread(String thread) {
+        this.thread = thread;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the subject of the message. The subject is a short description of
+     * message contents.
+     *
+     * @param subject the subject of the message.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     */
+    public MessageBuilder setSubject(String subject) {
+        return addSubject(null, subject);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a subject with a corresponding language.
+     *
+     * @param language the language of the subject being added.
+     * @param subject the subject being added to the message.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the subject is null.
+     */
+    public MessageBuilder addSubject(String language, String subject) {
+        language = StringUtils.requireNullOrNotEmpty(language, "language must be null or not empty");
+
+        for (Subject currentSubject : getExtensions(Subject.class)) {
+            if (StringUtils.nullSafeCharSequenceEquals(language, currentSubject.getLanguage())) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Subject with the language " + language + " already exists");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Subject messageSubject = new Subject(language, subject);
+        addExtension(messageSubject);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the body of the message.
+     *
+     * @param body the body of the message.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     * @see #setBody(String)
+     */
+    public MessageBuilder setBody(CharSequence body) {
+        return setBody(body.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the body of the message. The body is the main message contents.
+     *
+     * @param body the body of the message.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     */
+    public MessageBuilder setBody(String body) {
+        return addBody(null, body);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a body with a corresponding language.
+     *
+     * @param language the language of the body being added.
+     * @param body the body being added to the message.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     */
+    public MessageBuilder addBody(String language, String body) {
+        language = StringUtils.requireNullOrNotEmpty(language, "language must be null or not empty");
+
+        for (Body currentBody : getExtensions(Body.class)) {
+            if (StringUtils.nullSafeCharSequenceEquals(language, currentBody.getLanguage())) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bodyt with the language " + language + " already exists");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Body messageBody = new Body(language, body);
+        addExtension(messageBody);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MessageBuilder getThis() {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Message build() {
+        return new Message(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message.Type getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/MessageView.java

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+public interface MessageView extends StanzaView {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the type of the message. If no type has been set this method will return {@link
+     * org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Type#normal}.
+     *
+     * @return the type of the message.
+     */
+    Message.Type getType();
+
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/Presence.java

@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 
 import java.util.Locale;
 
-import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdUtil;
+import javax.net.SocketFactory;
+
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Objects;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.TypedCloneable;
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ import org.jxmpp.jid.Jid;
  *
  * @author Matt Tucker
  */
-public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
+public final class Presence extends Stanza implements PresenceView, TypedCloneable<Presence> {
 
     public static final String ELEMENT = "presence";
 
@@ -81,7 +82,10 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      * Creates a new presence update. Status, priority, and mode are left un-set.
      *
      * @param type the type.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} or {@link SocketFactory} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Presence(Type type) {
         // Ensure that the stanza ID is set by calling super().
         super();
@@ -94,7 +98,10 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      * @param to the recipient.
      * @param type the type.
      * @since 4.2
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} or {@link SocketFactory} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Presence(Jid to, Type type) {
         this(type);
         setTo(to);
@@ -107,7 +114,10 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      * @param status a text message describing the presence update.
      * @param priority the priority of this presence update.
      * @param mode the mode type for this presence update.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} or {@link SocketFactory} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public Presence(Type type, String status, int priority, Mode mode) {
         // Ensure that the stanza ID is set by calling super().
         super();
@@ -117,6 +127,14 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
         setMode(mode);
     }
 
+    Presence(PresenceBuilder presenceBuilder) {
+        super(presenceBuilder);
+        type = presenceBuilder.type;
+        status = presenceBuilder.status;
+        priority = presenceBuilder.priority;
+        mode = presenceBuilder.mode;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Copy constructor.
      * <p>
@@ -163,11 +181,7 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
         return type == Type.available && (mode == Mode.away || mode == Mode.xa || mode == Mode.dnd);
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the type of this presence packet.
-     *
-     * @return the type of the presence packet.
-     */
     public Type getType() {
         return type;
     }
@@ -176,18 +190,15 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      * Sets the type of the presence packet.
      *
      * @param type the type of the presence packet.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} or {@link SocketFactory} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void setType(Type type) {
         this.type = Objects.requireNonNull(type, "Type cannot be null");
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the status message of the presence update, or <code>null</code> if there
-     * is not a status. The status is free-form text describing a user's presence
-     * (i.e., "gone to lunch").
-     *
-     * @return the status message.
-     */
     public String getStatus() {
         return status;
     }
@@ -197,18 +208,21 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      * describing a user's presence (i.e., "gone to lunch").
      *
      * @param status the status message.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} or {@link SocketFactory} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void setStatus(String status) {
         this.status = status;
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the priority of the presence.
-     *
-     * @return the priority.
-     * @see <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6121#section-4.7.2.3">RFC 6121 § 4.7.2.3. Priority Element</a>
-     */
     public int getPriority() {
+        return getPriorityByte();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte getPriorityByte() {
         if (priority == null) {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -221,7 +235,10 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      * @param priority the priority of the presence.
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the priority is outside the valid range.
      * @see <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6121#section-4.7.2.3">RFC 6121 § 4.7.2.3. Priority Element</a>
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} or {@link SocketFactory} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void setPriority(int priority) {
         if (priority < -128 || priority > 127) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Priority value " + priority +
@@ -234,11 +251,7 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
         this.priority = priority;
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the mode of the presence update.
-     *
-     * @return the mode.
-     */
     public Mode getMode() {
         if (mode == null) {
             return Mode.available;
@@ -251,7 +264,10 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      * to be the same thing as {@link Presence.Mode#available}.
      *
      * @param mode the mode.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} or {@link SocketFactory} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void setMode(Mode mode) {
         this.mode = mode;
     }
@@ -261,6 +277,10 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
         return ELEMENT;
     }
 
+    public PresenceBuilder asBuilder() {
+        return StanzaBuilder.buildPresenceFrom(this, getStanzaId());
+    }
+
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
@@ -326,7 +346,7 @@ public final class Presence extends Stanza implements TypedCloneable<Presence> {
      */
     public Presence cloneWithNewId() {
         Presence clone = clone();
-        clone.setStanzaId(StanzaIdUtil.newStanzaId());
+        clone.setNewStanzaId();
         return clone;
     }
 

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/PresenceBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence.Mode;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Objects;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.ToStringUtil;
+
+public final class PresenceBuilder extends StanzaBuilder<PresenceBuilder> implements PresenceView {
+    static final PresenceBuilder EMPTY = new PresenceBuilder(() -> {
+        return null;
+    });
+
+    Presence.Type type = Presence.Type.available;
+
+    String status;
+
+    Byte priority;
+
+    Presence.Mode mode;
+
+    PresenceBuilder(Presence presence, String stanzaId) {
+        super(presence, stanzaId);
+        copyFromPresence(presence);
+    }
+
+    PresenceBuilder(Presence presence, StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        super(presence, stanzaIdSource);
+        copyFromPresence(presence);
+    }
+
+    PresenceBuilder(StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        super(stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    PresenceBuilder(String stanzaId) {
+        super(stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    private void copyFromPresence(Presence presence) {
+        type = presence.getType();
+        status = presence.getStatus();
+        priority = presence.getPriorityByte();
+        mode = presence.getMode();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void addStanzaSpecificAttributes(ToStringUtil.Builder builder) {
+        builder.addValue("type", type)
+               .addValue("mode", mode)
+               .addValue("priority", priority)
+               .addValue("status", status)
+               ;
+    }
+
+    public PresenceBuilder ofType(Presence.Type type) {
+        this.type = Objects.requireNonNull(type, "Type cannot be null");
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public PresenceBuilder setStatus(String status) {
+        this.status = status;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public PresenceBuilder setPriority(int priority) {
+        if (priority < -128 || priority > 127) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Priority value " + priority +
+                    " is not valid. Valid range is -128 through 127.");
+        }
+        Byte priorityByte = (byte) priority;
+        return setPriority(priorityByte);
+    }
+
+    public PresenceBuilder setPriority(Byte priority) {
+        this.priority = priority;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public PresenceBuilder setMode(Presence.Mode mode) {
+        this.mode = mode;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PresenceBuilder getThis() {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Presence build() {
+        return new Presence(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Presence.Type getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getStatus() {
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getPriority() {
+        return getPriorityByte();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte getPriorityByte() {
+        if (priority == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return priority;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Presence.Mode getMode() {
+        if (mode == null) {
+            return Mode.available;
+        }
+        return mode;
+   }
+
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/PresenceView.java

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+public interface PresenceView extends StanzaView {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the type of this presence stanza.
+     *
+     * @return the type of the presence stanza.
+     */
+    Presence.Type getType();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the status message of the presence update, or <code>null</code> if there
+     * is not a status. The status is free-form text describing a user's presence
+     * (i.e., "gone to lunch").
+     *
+     * @return the status message.
+     */
+    String getStatus();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the priority of the presence.
+     *
+     * @return the priority.
+     * @see <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6121#section-4.7.2.3">RFC 6121 § 4.7.2.3. Priority Element</a>
+     */
+    int getPriority();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the priority of the presence.
+     *
+     * @return the priority.
+     * @see <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6121#section-4.7.2.3">RFC 6121 § 4.7.2.3. Priority Element</a>
+     */
+    byte getPriorityByte();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mode of the presence update.
+     *
+     * @return the mode.
+     */
+    Presence.Mode getMode();
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/SimpleIQ.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright © 2014 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright © 2014-2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ public abstract class SimpleIQ extends IQ {
         super(childElementName, childElementNamespace);
     }
 
+    protected SimpleIQ(IqBuilder iqBuilder, String childElementName, String childElementNamespace) {
+        super(iqBuilder, childElementName, childElementNamespace);
+    }
+
     @Override
     protected IQChildElementXmlStringBuilder getIQChildElementBuilder(IQChildElementXmlStringBuilder xml) {
         xml.setEmptyElement();

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/Stanza.java

@@ -20,15 +20,19 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 import static org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils.requireNotNullNorEmpty;
 
 import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
 import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
 
-import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdUtil;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StandardStanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.MultiMap;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketUtil;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.XmlStringBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.XmppElementUtil;
 
 import org.jxmpp.jid.Jid;
 
@@ -43,12 +47,16 @@ import org.jxmpp.jid.Jid;
  * XMPP Stanzas are {@link Message}, {@link IQ} and {@link Presence}. Which therefore subclass this
  * class. <b>If you think you need to subclass this class, then you are doing something wrong.</b>
  * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Use {@link StanzaBuilder} to construct a stanza instance. All instance mutating methods of this
+ * class are deprecated, although not all of them are currently marked as such, and must not be used.
+ * </p>
  *
  * @author Matt Tucker
  * @author Florian Schmaus
  * @see <a href="http://xmpp.org/rfcs/rfc6120.html#stanzas">RFC 6120 § 8. XML Stanzas</a>
  */
-public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
+public abstract class Stanza implements StanzaView, TopLevelStreamElement {
 
     public static final String TEXT = "text";
     public static final String ITEM = "item";
@@ -56,12 +64,14 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
     protected static final String DEFAULT_LANGUAGE =
             java.util.Locale.getDefault().getLanguage().toLowerCase(Locale.US);
 
-    private final MultiMap<QName, ExtensionElement> extensionElements = new MultiMap<>();
+    private final MultiMap<QName, ExtensionElement> extensionElements;
 
     // Assume that all stanzas Smack handles are in the client namespace, since Smack is an XMPP client library. We can
     // change this behavior later if it is required.
     private final String namespace = StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE;
 
+    private final StanzaIdSource usedStanzaIdSource;
+
     private String id = null;
     private Jid to;
     private Jid from;
@@ -80,30 +90,46 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
     protected String language;
 
     protected Stanza() {
-        this(StanzaIdUtil.newStanzaId());
+        extensionElements = new MultiMap<>();
+        usedStanzaIdSource = null;
+        id = StandardStanzaIdSource.DEFAULT.getNewStanzaId();
     }
 
-    protected Stanza(String stanzaId) {
+    protected Stanza(StanzaBuilder<?> stanzaBuilder) {
-        setStanzaId(stanzaId);
+        if (stanzaBuilder.stanzaIdSource != null) {
+            id = stanzaBuilder.stanzaIdSource.getNewStanzaId();
+            // Note that some stanza ID sources, e.g. StanzaBuilder.PresenceBuilder.EMPTY return null here. Hence we
+            // only check that the returned string is not empty.
+            assert StringUtils.isNullOrNotEmpty(id);
+            usedStanzaIdSource = stanzaBuilder.stanzaIdSource;
+        } else {
+            // N.B. It is ok if stanzaId here is null.
+            id = stanzaBuilder.stanzaId;
+            usedStanzaIdSource = null;
+        }
+
+        to = stanzaBuilder.to;
+        from = stanzaBuilder.from;
+
+        error = stanzaBuilder.stanzaError;
+
+        language = stanzaBuilder.language;
+
+        extensionElements = stanzaBuilder.extensionElements.clone();
     }
 
     protected Stanza(Stanza p) {
+        usedStanzaIdSource = p.usedStanzaIdSource;
+
         id = p.getStanzaId();
         to = p.getTo();
         from = p.getFrom();
         error = p.error;
 
-        // Copy extensions
+        extensionElements = p.extensionElements.clone();
-        for (ExtensionElement pe : p.getExtensions()) {
-            addExtension(pe);
-        }
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the unique ID of the stanza. The returned value could be <code>null</code>.
-     *
-     * @return the packet's unique ID or <code>null</code> if the id is not available.
-     */
     public String getStanzaId() {
         return id;
     }
@@ -138,56 +164,50 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
      *
      * @return the stanza id.
      * @since 4.2
-     * @deprecated use {@link #setNewStanzaId()} instead.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
     @Deprecated
     // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public String setStanzaId() {
-        return ensureStanzaIdSet();
+        if (!hasStanzaIdSet()) {
-    }
+            setNewStanzaId();
-
-    /**
-     * Set a new stanza ID even if there is already one set.
-     *
-     * @return the stanza id.
-     * @since 4.4
-     */
-    public String setNewStanzaId() {
-        return ensureStanzaIdSet(true);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Ensure a stanza id is set.
-     *
-     * @return the stanza id.
-     * @since 4.4
-     */
-    public String ensureStanzaIdSet() {
-        return ensureStanzaIdSet(false);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Ensure that a stanza ID is set.
-     *
-     * @param forceNew force a new ID even if there is already one set.
-     * @return the stanza ID.
-     * @since 4.4
-     */
-    private String ensureStanzaIdSet(boolean forceNew) {
-        if (forceNew || !hasStanzaIdSet()) {
-            setStanzaId(StanzaIdUtil.newStanzaId());
         }
         return getStanzaId();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns who the stanza is being sent "to", or <code>null</code> if
+     * Throws an {@link IllegalArgumentException} if this stanza has no stanza ID set.
-     * the value is not set. The XMPP protocol often makes the "to"
-     * attribute optional, so it does not always need to be set.<p>
      *
-     * @return who the stanza is being sent to, or <code>null</code> if the
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if this stanza has no stanza ID set.
-     *      value has not been set.
+     * @since 4.4.
      */
+    public final void throwIfNoStanzaId() {
+        if (hasStanzaIdSet()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("The stanza has no RFC stanza ID set, although one is required");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure that a stanza ID is set.
+     *
+     * @return the stanza ID.
+     * @since 4.4
+     */
+    // TODO: Remove this method once StanzaBuilder is ready.
+    protected String setNewStanzaId() {
+        if (usedStanzaIdSource != null) {
+            id = usedStanzaIdSource.getNewStanzaId();
+        }
+        else {
+            id = StandardStanzaIdSource.DEFAULT.getNewStanzaId();
+        }
+
+        return getStanzaId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public Jid getTo() {
         return to;
     }
@@ -198,18 +218,12 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
      *
      * @param to who the packet is being sent to.
      */
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
     public void setTo(Jid to) {
         this.to = to;
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns who the stanza is being sent "from" or <code>null</code> if
-     * the value is not set. The XMPP protocol often makes the "from"
-     * attribute optional, so it does not always need to be set.<p>
-     *
-     * @return who the stanza is being sent from, or <code>null</code> if the
-     *      value has not been set.
-     */
     public Jid getFrom() {
         return from;
     }
@@ -221,16 +235,12 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
      *
      * @param from who the packet is being sent to.
      */
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
     public void setFrom(Jid from) {
         this.from = from;
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns the error associated with this packet, or <code>null</code> if there are
-     * no errors.
-     *
-     * @return the error sub-packet or <code>null</code> if there isn't an error.
-     */
     public StanzaError getError() {
         return error;
     }
@@ -238,14 +248,22 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
     /**
      * Sets the error for this stanza.
      *
-     * @param xmppErrorBuilder the error to associate with this stanza.
+     * @param stanzaError the error that this stanza carries and hence signals.
      */
-    public void setError(StanzaError.Builder xmppErrorBuilder) {
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
-        if (xmppErrorBuilder == null) {
+    public void setError(StanzaError stanzaError) {
-            return;
+        error = stanzaError;
-        }
+    }
-        xmppErrorBuilder.setStanza(this);
+
-        error = xmppErrorBuilder.build();
+    /**
+     * Deprecated.
+     * @param stanzaError the stanza error.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
+    public void setError(StanzaError.Builder stanzaError) {
+        setError(stanzaError.build());
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -257,16 +275,15 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
      * Sets the xml:lang of this Stanza.
      *
      * @param language the xml:lang of this Stanza.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder#setLanguage(String)} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void setLanguage(String language) {
         this.language = language;
     }
 
-    /**
+    @Override
-     * Returns a list of all extension elements of this stanza.
-     *
-     * @return a list of all extension elements of this stanza.
-     */
     public List<ExtensionElement> getExtensions() {
         synchronized (extensionElements) {
             // No need to create a new list, values() will already create a new one for us
@@ -274,6 +291,16 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
         }
     }
 
+    public final MultiMap<QName, ExtensionElement> getExtensionsMap() {
+        return cloneExtensionsMap();
+    }
+
+    final MultiMap<QName, ExtensionElement> cloneExtensionsMap() {
+        synchronized (extensionElements) {
+            return extensionElements.clone();
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Return a list of all extensions with the given element name <em>and</em> namespace.
      * <p>
@@ -289,7 +316,23 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
         requireNotNullNorEmpty(elementName, "elementName must not be null nor empty");
         requireNotNullNorEmpty(namespace, "namespace must not be null nor empty");
         QName key = new QName(namespace, elementName);
-        return extensionElements.getAll(key);
+        return getExtensions(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ExtensionElement> getExtensions(QName qname) {
+        List<ExtensionElement> res;
+        synchronized (extensionElements) {
+            res = extensionElements.getAll(qname);
+        }
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(res);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <E extends ExtensionElement> List<E> getExtensions(Class<E> extensionElementClass) {
+        synchronized (extensionElements) {
+            return XmppElementUtil.getElementsFrom(extensionElements, extensionElementClass);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -322,21 +365,31 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
             return null;
         }
         QName key = new QName(namespace, elementName);
-        ExtensionElement packetExtension;
+        ExtensionElement packetExtension = getExtension(key);
-        synchronized (extensionElements) {
-            packetExtension = extensionElements.getFirst(key);
-        }
         if (packetExtension == null) {
             return null;
         }
         return (PE) packetExtension;
     }
 
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public final <E extends ExtensionElement> E getExtension(QName qname) {
+        synchronized (extensionElements) {
+            return (E) extensionElements.getFirst(qname);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Adds a stanza extension to the packet. Does nothing if extension is null.
+     * <p>
+     * Please note that although this method is not yet marked as deprecated, it is recommended to use
+     * {@link StanzaBuilder#addExtension(ExtensionElement)} instead.
+     * </p>
      *
      * @param extension a stanza extension.
      */
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
     public void addExtension(ExtensionElement extension) {
         if (extension == null) return;
         QName key = extension.getQName();
@@ -348,11 +401,16 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
     /**
      * Add the given extension and override eventually existing extensions with the same name and
      * namespace.
+     * <p>
+     * Please note that although this method is not yet marked as deprecated, it is recommended to use
+     * {@link StanzaBuilder#overrideExtension(ExtensionElement)} instead.
+     * </p>
      *
      * @param extension the extension element to add.
      * @return one of the removed extensions or <code>null</code> if there are none.
      * @since 4.1.2
      */
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
     public ExtensionElement overrideExtension(ExtensionElement extension) {
         if (extension == null) return null;
         synchronized (extensionElements) {
@@ -370,6 +428,7 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
      *
      * @param extensions a collection of stanza extensions
      */
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
     public void addExtensions(Collection<ExtensionElement> extensions) {
         if (extensions == null) return;
         for (ExtensionElement packetExtension : extensions) {
@@ -421,6 +480,7 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
      * @param namespace TODO javadoc me please
      * @return the removed stanza extension or null.
      */
+    // TODO: Mark this as deprecated once StanzaBuilder is ready and all call sites are gone.
     public ExtensionElement removeExtension(String elementName, String namespace) {
         QName key = new QName(namespace, elementName);
         synchronized (extensionElements) {
@@ -433,7 +493,10 @@ public abstract class Stanza implements TopLevelStreamElement {
      *
      * @param extension the stanza extension to remove.
      * @return the removed stanza extension or null.
+     * @deprecated use {@link StanzaBuilder} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public ExtensionElement removeExtension(ExtensionElement extension)  {
         QName key = extension.getQName();
         synchronized (extensionElements) {

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/StanzaBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ.Type;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.MultiMap;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.ToStringUtil;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.XmppElementUtil;
+
+import org.jxmpp.jid.Jid;
+import org.jxmpp.jid.impl.JidCreate;
+import org.jxmpp.stringprep.XmppStringprepException;
+
+public abstract class StanzaBuilder<B extends StanzaBuilder<B>> implements StanzaView {
+
+    final StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource;
+    final String stanzaId;
+
+    Jid to;
+    Jid from;
+
+    StanzaError stanzaError;
+
+    String language;
+
+    MultiMap<QName, ExtensionElement> extensionElements = new MultiMap<>();
+
+    protected StanzaBuilder(StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        this.stanzaIdSource = stanzaIdSource;
+        this.stanzaId = null;
+    }
+
+    protected StanzaBuilder(String stanzaId) {
+        this.stanzaIdSource = null;
+        this.stanzaId = StringUtils.requireNullOrNotEmpty(stanzaId, "Stanza ID must not be the empty String");
+    }
+
+    protected StanzaBuilder(Stanza message, String stanzaId) {
+        this(stanzaId);
+        copyFromStanza(message);
+    }
+
+    protected StanzaBuilder(Stanza message, StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        this(stanzaIdSource);
+        copyFromStanza(message);
+    }
+
+    private void copyFromStanza(Stanza stanza) {
+        to = stanza.getTo();
+        from = stanza.getFrom();
+        stanzaError = stanza.getError();
+        language = stanza.getLanguage();
+
+        extensionElements = stanza.cloneExtensionsMap();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the recipent address of the stanza.
+     *
+     * @param to whoe the stanza is being sent to.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     * @throws XmppStringprepException if the provided character sequence is not a valid XMPP address.
+     * @see #to(Jid)
+     */
+    public final B to(CharSequence to) throws XmppStringprepException {
+        return to(JidCreate.from(to));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets who the stanza is being sent "to". The XMPP protocol often makes the "to" attribute optional, so it does not
+     * always need to be set.
+     *
+     * @param to who the stanza is being sent to.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     */
+    public final B to(Jid to) {
+        this.to = to;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets who the the stanza is being sent "from".
+     *
+     * @param from who the stanza is being sent from.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     * @throws XmppStringprepException if the provided character sequence is not a valid XMPP address.
+     * @see #from(Jid)
+     */
+    public final B from(CharSequence from) throws XmppStringprepException {
+        return from(JidCreate.from(from));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets who the stanza is being sent "from". The XMPP protocol often makes the "from" attribute optional, so it does
+     * not always need to be set.
+     *
+     * @param from who the stanza is being sent from.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     */
+    public final B from(Jid from) {
+        this.from = from;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the error for this stanza.
+     *
+     * @param stanzaError the error to associate with this stanza.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     */
+    public final B setError(StanzaError stanzaError) {
+        this.stanzaError = stanzaError;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the xml:lang for this stanza.
+     *
+     * @param language the xml:lang of this stanza.
+     * @return a reference to this builder.
+     */
+    public final B setLanguage(String language) {
+        this.language = language;
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public final B addExtension(ExtensionElement extensionElement) {
+        QName key = extensionElement.getQName();
+        extensionElements.put(key, extensionElement);
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public final B addExtensions(Collection<? extends ExtensionElement> extensionElements) {
+        for (ExtensionElement extensionElement : extensionElements) {
+            addExtension(extensionElement);
+        }
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public final B overrideExtension(ExtensionElement extensionElement) {
+        QName key = extensionElement.getQName();
+        extensionElements.remove(key);
+        extensionElements.put(key, extensionElement);
+        return getThis();
+    }
+
+    public abstract B getThis();
+
+    @Override
+    public final String getStanzaId() {
+        return stanzaId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final Jid getTo() {
+        return to;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final Jid getFrom() {
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final String getLanguage() {
+        return language;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final StanzaError getError() {
+        return stanzaError;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public final <E extends ExtensionElement> E getExtension(QName qname) {
+        return (E) extensionElements.getFirst(qname);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final List<ExtensionElement> getExtensions() {
+        return extensionElements.values();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final List<ExtensionElement> getExtensions(QName qname) {
+        return extensionElements.getAll(qname);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final <E extends ExtensionElement> List<E> getExtensions(Class<E> extensionElementClass) {
+        return XmppElementUtil.getElementsFrom(extensionElements, extensionElementClass);
+    }
+
+    public final boolean willBuildStanzaWithId() {
+        return stanzaIdSource != null || StringUtils.isNotEmpty(stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    public final void throwIfNoStanzaId() {
+        if (willBuildStanzaWithId()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "The builder will not build a stanza with an ID set, although it is required");
+    }
+
+    protected abstract void addStanzaSpecificAttributes(ToStringUtil.Builder builder);
+
+    @Override
+    public final String toString() {
+        ToStringUtil.Builder builder = ToStringUtil.builderFor(getClass())
+            .addValue("id", stanzaId)
+            .addValue("from", from)
+            .addValue("to", to)
+            .addValue("language", language)
+            .addValue("error", stanzaError)
+            ;
+
+        addStanzaSpecificAttributes(builder);
+
+        builder.add("Extension Elements", extensionElements.values(), e -> {
+            return e.getQName();
+        });
+
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    public static MessageBuilder buildMessage() {
+        return buildMessage(null);
+    }
+
+    public static MessageBuilder buildMessage(String stanzaId) {
+        return new MessageBuilder(stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    public static MessageBuilder buildMessageFrom(Message message, String stanzaId) {
+        return new MessageBuilder(message, stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    public static MessageBuilder buildMessageFrom(Message message, StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        return new MessageBuilder(message, stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    public static PresenceBuilder buildPresence() {
+        return buildPresence(null);
+    }
+
+    public static PresenceBuilder buildPresence(String stanzaId) {
+        return new PresenceBuilder(stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    public static PresenceBuilder buildPresenceFrom(Presence presence, String stanzaId) {
+        return new PresenceBuilder(presence, stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    public static PresenceBuilder buildPresenceFrom(Presence presence, StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        return new PresenceBuilder(presence, stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    public static IqBuilder buildIq(String stanzaId) {
+        return new IqBuilder(stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    public static IqBuilder buildIqResultFor(IQ request) {
+        if (!(request.getType() == Type.get || request.getType() == Type.set)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "IQ request must be of type 'set' or 'get'. Original IQ: " + request.toXML());
+        }
+
+        return buildIq(request.getStanzaId())
+                        .to(request.getFrom())
+                        .from(request.getTo())
+                        .ofType(IQ.Type.result);
+    }
+
+    public static EmptyResultIQ buildEmptyIqResultFor(IQ request) {
+        IqBuilder iqBuilder = buildIqResultFor(request);
+        return new EmptyResultIQ(iqBuilder);
+    }
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/StanzaError.java

@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ public class StanzaError extends AbstractError implements ExtensionElement {
     private final String conditionText;
     private final String errorGenerator;
     private final Type type;
-    private final Stanza stanza;
 
     /**
      * Creates a new error with the specified type, condition and message.
@@ -120,13 +119,11 @@ public class StanzaError extends AbstractError implements ExtensionElement {
      * @param errorGenerator TODO javadoc me please
      * @param descriptiveTexts TODO javadoc me please
      * @param extensions list of stanza extensions
-     * @param stanza the stanza carrying this XMPP error.
      */
     public StanzaError(Condition condition, String conditionText, String errorGenerator, Type type, Map<String, String> descriptiveTexts,
-            List<ExtensionElement> extensions, Stanza stanza) {
+            List<ExtensionElement> extensions) {
         super(descriptiveTexts, ERROR_CONDITION_AND_TEXT_NAMESPACE, extensions);
         this.condition = Objects.requireNonNull(condition, "condition must not be null");
-        this.stanza = stanza;
         // Some implementations may send the condition as non-empty element containing the empty string, that is
         // <condition xmlns='foo'></condition>, in this case the parser may calls this constructor with the empty string
         // as conditionText, therefore reset it to null if it's the empty string
@@ -184,16 +181,6 @@ public class StanzaError extends AbstractError implements ExtensionElement {
         return conditionText;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Get the stanza carrying the XMPP error.
-     *
-     * @return the stanza carrying the XMPP error.
-     * @since 4.2
-     */
-    public Stanza getStanza() {
-        return stanza;
-    }
-
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("XMPPError: ");
@@ -271,7 +258,6 @@ public class StanzaError extends AbstractError implements ExtensionElement {
         private String conditionText;
         private String errorGenerator;
         private Type type;
-        private Stanza stanza;
 
         private Builder() {
         }
@@ -296,17 +282,11 @@ public class StanzaError extends AbstractError implements ExtensionElement {
             return this;
         }
 
-        public Builder setStanza(Stanza stanza) {
-            this.stanza = stanza;
-            return this;
-        }
-
         public Builder copyFrom(StanzaError xmppError) {
             setCondition(xmppError.getCondition());
             setType(xmppError.getType());
             setConditionText(xmppError.getConditionText());
             setErrorGenerator(xmppError.getErrorGenerator());
-            setStanza(xmppError.getStanza());
             setDescriptiveTexts(xmppError.descriptiveTexts);
             setTextNamespace(xmppError.textNamespace);
             setExtensions(xmppError.extensions);
@@ -315,7 +295,7 @@ public class StanzaError extends AbstractError implements ExtensionElement {
 
         public StanzaError build() {
             return new StanzaError(condition, conditionText, errorGenerator, type, descriptiveTexts,
-            extensions, stanza);
+            extensions);
         }
 
         @Override

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/StanzaFactory.java

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id.StanzaIdSource;
+
+public final class StanzaFactory {
+
+    private final StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource;
+
+    public StanzaFactory(StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource) {
+        this.stanzaIdSource = stanzaIdSource;
+    }
+
+    public MessageBuilder buildMessageStanza() {
+        return new MessageBuilder(stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    public MessageBuilder buildMessageStanzaFrom(Message message) {
+        return new MessageBuilder(message, stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    public PresenceBuilder buildPresenceStanza() {
+        return new PresenceBuilder(stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    public PresenceBuilder buildPresenceStanzaFrom(Presence presence) {
+        return new PresenceBuilder(presence, stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+    public IqBuilder buildIqStanza() {
+        return new IqBuilder(stanzaIdSource);
+    }
+
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/StanzaView.java

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.XmppElementUtil;
+
+import org.jxmpp.jid.Jid;
+
+public interface StanzaView extends XmlLangElement {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unique ID of the stanza. The returned value could be <code>null</code>.
+     *
+     * @return the packet's unique ID or <code>null</code> if the id is not available.
+     */
+    String getStanzaId();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns who the stanza is being sent "to", or <code>null</code> if
+     * the value is not set. The XMPP protocol often makes the "to"
+     * attribute optional, so it does not always need to be set.<p>
+     *
+     * @return who the stanza is being sent to, or <code>null</code> if the
+     *      value has not been set.
+     */
+    Jid getTo();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns who the stanza is being sent "from" or <code>null</code> if
+     * the value is not set. The XMPP protocol often makes the "from"
+     * attribute optional, so it does not always need to be set.<p>
+     *
+     * @return who the stanza is being sent from, or <code>null</code> if the
+     *      value has not been set.
+     */
+    Jid getFrom();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error associated with this packet, or <code>null</code> if there are
+     * no errors.
+     *
+     * @return the error sub-packet or <code>null</code> if there isn't an error.
+     */
+    StanzaError getError();
+
+    <E extends ExtensionElement> E getExtension(QName qname);
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    default <E extends ExtensionElement> E getExtension(Class<E> extensionElementClass) {
+        QName qname = XmppElementUtil.getQNameFor(extensionElementClass);
+        return (E) getExtension(qname);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of all extension elements of this stanza.
+     *
+     * @return a list of all extension elements of this stanza.
+     */
+    List<ExtensionElement> getExtensions();
+
+    List<ExtensionElement> getExtensions(QName qname);
+
+    <E extends ExtensionElement> List<E> getExtensions(Class<E> extensionElementClass);
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/XmlEnvironment.java

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.ParserUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
-
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
 
 public class XmlEnvironment {

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/XmlLangElement.java

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
+
+public interface XmlLangElement {
+
+    /**
+    * Returns the xml:lang of this XML element, or null if one has not been set.
+    *
+    * @return the xml:lang of this XML element, or null.
+    */
+    String getLanguage();
+
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/id/RandomStringStanzaIdSource.java

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
+
+public final class RandomStringStanzaIdSource  {
+
+    public static class Factory implements StanzaIdSourceFactory {
+
+        private static final int REQUIRED_MIN_LENGTH = 10;
+
+        private final int length;
+        private final boolean verySecure;
+
+        public static final Factory VERY_SECURE = new Factory(10, true);
+        public static final Factory MEDIUM_SECURE = new Factory(10, false);
+
+        public Factory(int length, boolean verySecure) {
+            if (length < REQUIRED_MIN_LENGTH) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                "Insufficient length " + length + ", must be at least " + REQUIRED_MIN_LENGTH);
+            }
+            this.length = length;
+            this.verySecure = verySecure;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public StanzaIdSource constructStanzaIdSource() {
+            StanzaIdSource stanzaIdSource;
+            if (verySecure) {
+                stanzaIdSource = () -> StringUtils.randomString(length);
+            } else {
+                stanzaIdSource = () -> StringUtils.insecureRandomString(length);
+            }
+            return stanzaIdSource;
+        }
+
+    }
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/id/StandardStanzaIdSource.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright 2003-2007 Jive Software, 2015 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,20 +20,32 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
 
-public class StanzaIdUtil {
+public class StandardStanzaIdSource implements StanzaIdSource {
+
+    public static final StandardStanzaIdSource DEFAULT = new StandardStanzaIdSource();
 
     /**
      * A prefix helps to make sure that ID's are unique across multiple instances.
      */
-    private static final String PREFIX = StringUtils.randomString(5) + "-";
+    private final String prefix = StringUtils.randomString(5) + "-";
 
     /**
      * Keeps track of the current increment, which is appended to the prefix to
      * forum a unique ID.
      */
-    private static final AtomicLong ID = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong();
+
+    @Override
+    public String getNewStanzaId() {
+        return prefix + Long.toString(id.incrementAndGet());
+    }
+
+    public static class Factory implements StanzaIdSourceFactory {
+
+        @Override
+        public StandardStanzaIdSource constructStanzaIdSource() {
+            return new StandardStanzaIdSource();
+        }
 
-    public static String newStanzaId() {
-        return PREFIX + Long.toString(ID.incrementAndGet());
     }
 }

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/id/StanzaIdSource.java

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id;
+
+public interface StanzaIdSource {
+    String getNewStanzaId();
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/id/StanzaIdSourceFactory.java

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id;
+
+public interface StanzaIdSourceFactory {
+    StanzaIdSource constructStanzaIdSource();
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/id/UuidStanzaIdSource.java

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.id;
+
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+public final class UuidStanzaIdSource implements StanzaIdSource {
+
+    public static final UuidStanzaIdSource INSTANCE = new UuidStanzaIdSource();
+
+    private UuidStanzaIdSource() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getNewStanzaId() {
+        return UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+    }
+
+    public static class Factory implements StanzaIdSourceFactory {
+
+        @Override
+        public UuidStanzaIdSource constructStanzaIdSource() {
+            return INSTANCE;
+        }
+
+    }
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/util/Function.java

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.util;
+
+public interface Function<R, T> {
+
+    R apply(T t);
+
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/util/MultiMap.java

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import java.util.Set;
  * @param <K> the type of the keys the map uses.
  * @param <V> the type of the values the map uses.
  */
-public class MultiMap<K, V> {
+public class MultiMap<K, V> implements TypedCloneable<MultiMap<K, V>> {
 
     /**
      * The constant value {@value}.
@@ -252,6 +252,19 @@ public class MultiMap<K, V> {
         return new MultiMap<K, V>(Collections.unmodifiableMap(mapCopy));
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public MultiMap<K, V> clone() {
+        Map<K, List<V>> clonedMap = new LinkedHashMap<>(map.size());
+
+        // TODO: Use Map.forEach() once Smack's minimum Android API is 24 or higher.
+        for (Entry<K, List<V>> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+            List<V> clonedList = CollectionUtil.newListWith(entry.getValue());
+            clonedMap.put(entry.getKey(), clonedList);
+        }
+
+        return new MultiMap<>(clonedMap);
+    }
+
     private static final class SimpleMapEntry<K, V> implements Map.Entry<K, V> {
 
         private final K key;

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/util/PacketParserUtils.java

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.compress.packet.Compress;
@@ -36,9 +37,12 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.ErrorIQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.ExtensionElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.PresenceBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Session;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StartTls;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StreamError;
@@ -120,18 +124,25 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
         }
     }
 
-    private static void parseCommonStanzaAttributes(Stanza stanza, XmlPullParser parser, XmlEnvironment xmlEnvironment) throws XmppStringprepException {
+    private interface StanzaBuilderSupplier<SB extends StanzaBuilder<?>> {
+        SB get(String stanzaId);
+    }
+
+    private static <SB extends StanzaBuilder<?>> SB parseCommonStanzaAttributes(StanzaBuilderSupplier<SB> stanzaBuilderSupplier, XmlPullParser parser, XmlEnvironment xmlEnvironment) throws XmppStringprepException {
         String id = parser.getAttributeValue("id");
-        stanza.setStanzaId(id);
+
+        SB stanzaBuilder = stanzaBuilderSupplier.get(id);
 
         Jid to = ParserUtils.getJidAttribute(parser, "to");
-        stanza.setTo(to);
+        stanzaBuilder.to(to);
 
         Jid from = ParserUtils.getJidAttribute(parser, "from");
-        stanza.setFrom(from);
+        stanzaBuilder.from(from);
 
         String language = ParserUtils.getXmlLang(parser, xmlEnvironment);
-        stanza.setLanguage(language);
+        stanzaBuilder.setLanguage(language);
+
+        return stanzaBuilder;
     }
 
     public static Message parseMessage(XmlPullParser parser) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException, SmackParsingException {
@@ -154,11 +165,14 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
 
         XmlEnvironment messageXmlEnvironment = XmlEnvironment.from(parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
         final int initialDepth = parser.getDepth();
-        Message message = new Message();
+
-        parseCommonStanzaAttributes(message, parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
+        MessageBuilder message = parseCommonStanzaAttributes(id -> {
+            return StanzaBuilder.buildMessage(id);
+        }, parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
+
         String typeString = parser.getAttributeValue("", "type");
         if (typeString != null) {
-            message.setType(Message.Type.fromString(typeString));
+            message.ofType(Message.Type.fromString(typeString));
         }
 
         // Parse sub-elements. We include extra logic to make sure the values
@@ -176,9 +190,8 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
                     String xmlLangSubject = ParserUtils.getXmlLang(parser);
                     String subject = parseElementText(parser);
 
-                    if (message.getSubject(xmlLangSubject) == null) {
+                    Message.Subject subjectExtensionElement = new Message.Subject(xmlLangSubject, subject);
-                        message.addSubject(xmlLangSubject, subject);
+                    message.addExtension(subjectExtensionElement);
-                    }
                     break;
                 case "thread":
                     if (thread == null) {
@@ -189,7 +202,8 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
                     message.setError(parseError(parser, messageXmlEnvironment));
                     break;
                  default:
-                    PacketParserUtils.addExtensionElement(message, parser, elementName, namespace, messageXmlEnvironment);
+                    ExtensionElement extensionElement = parseExtensionElement(elementName, namespace, parser, messageXmlEnvironment);
+                    message.addExtension(extensionElement);
                     break;
                 }
                 break;
@@ -208,7 +222,7 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
         // situations where we have a body element with an explicit xml lang set and once where the value is inherited
         // and both values are equal.
 
-        return message;
+        return message.build();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -436,13 +450,16 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
         final int initialDepth = parser.getDepth();
         XmlEnvironment presenceXmlEnvironment = XmlEnvironment.from(parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
 
+        PresenceBuilder presence = parseCommonStanzaAttributes(
+                        stanzaId -> StanzaBuilder.buildPresence(stanzaId), parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
+
         Presence.Type type = Presence.Type.available;
         String typeString = parser.getAttributeValue("", "type");
         if (typeString != null && !typeString.equals("")) {
             type = Presence.Type.fromString(typeString);
         }
-        Presence presence = new Presence(type);
+
-        parseCommonStanzaAttributes(presence, parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
+        presence.ofType(type);
 
         // Parse sub-elements
         outerloop: while (true) {
@@ -468,9 +485,7 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
                         // '<show />' element, which is a invalid XMPP presence
                         // stanza according to RFC 6121 4.7.2.1
                         LOGGER.warning("Empty or null mode text in presence show element form "
-                                        + presence.getFrom()
+                                        + presence
-                                        + " with id '"
-                                        + presence.getStanzaId()
                                         + "' which is invalid according to RFC6121 4.7.2.1");
                     }
                     break;
@@ -482,10 +497,10 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
                     // Be extra robust: Skip PacketExtensions that cause Exceptions, instead of
                     // failing completely here. See SMACK-390 for more information.
                     try {
-                        PacketParserUtils.addExtensionElement(presence, parser, elementName, namespace, presenceXmlEnvironment);
+                        ExtensionElement extensionElement = parseExtensionElement(elementName, namespace, parser, presenceXmlEnvironment);
+                        presence.addExtension(extensionElement);
                     } catch (Exception e) {
-                        LOGGER.warning("Failed to parse extension element in Presence stanza: \"" + e + "\" from: '"
+                        LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to parse extension element in Presence stanza: " + presence, e);
-                                        + presence.getFrom() + " id: '" + presence.getStanzaId() + "'");
                     }
                     break;
                 }
@@ -500,7 +515,8 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        return presence;
+
+        return presence.build();
     }
 
     public static IQ parseIQ(XmlPullParser parser) throws Exception {
@@ -523,7 +539,7 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
         final int initialDepth = parser.getDepth();
         XmlEnvironment iqXmlEnvironment = XmlEnvironment.from(parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
         IQ iqPacket = null;
-        StanzaError.Builder error = null;
+        StanzaError error = null;
 
         final String id = parser.getAttributeValue("", "id");
         final Jid to = ParserUtils.getJidAttribute(parser, "to");
@@ -747,7 +763,7 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
         return new StreamError(condition, conditionText, descriptiveTexts, extensions);
     }
 
-    public static StanzaError.Builder parseError(XmlPullParser parser) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException, SmackParsingException {
+    public static StanzaError parseError(XmlPullParser parser) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException, SmackParsingException {
         return parseError(parser, null);
     }
 
@@ -761,7 +777,7 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
      * @throws XmlPullParserException if an error in the XML parser occured.
      * @throws SmackParsingException if the Smack parser (provider) encountered invalid input.
      */
-    public static StanzaError.Builder parseError(XmlPullParser parser, XmlEnvironment outerXmlEnvironment) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException, SmackParsingException {
+    public static StanzaError parseError(XmlPullParser parser, XmlEnvironment outerXmlEnvironment) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException, SmackParsingException {
         final int initialDepth = parser.getDepth();
         Map<String, String> descriptiveTexts = null;
         XmlEnvironment stanzaErrorXmlEnvironment = XmlEnvironment.from(parser, outerXmlEnvironment);
@@ -808,7 +824,8 @@ public class PacketParserUtils {
             }
         }
         builder.setExtensions(extensions).setDescriptiveTexts(descriptiveTexts);
-        return builder;
+
+        return builder.build();
     }
 
     /**

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/util/StringUtils.java

@@ -427,6 +427,13 @@ public class StringUtils {
         return true;
     }
 
+    public static boolean isNullOrNotEmpty(CharSequence cs) {
+        if (cs == null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return !cs.toString().isEmpty();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns true if the given CharSequence is empty.
      *
@@ -456,6 +463,11 @@ public class StringUtils {
      */
     public static StringBuilder toStringBuilder(Collection<? extends Object> collection, String delimiter) {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(collection.size() * 20);
+        appendTo(collection, delimiter, sb);
+        return sb;
+    }
+
+    public static void appendTo(Collection<? extends Object> collection, String delimiter, StringBuilder sb) {
         for (Iterator<? extends Object> it = collection.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
             Object cs = it.next();
             sb.append(cs);
@@ -463,7 +475,6 @@ public class StringUtils {
                 sb.append(delimiter);
             }
         }
-        return sb;
     }
 
     public static String returnIfNotEmptyTrimmed(String string) {

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/util/ToStringUtil.java

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 Florian Schmaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.jivesoftware.smack.util;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class ToStringUtil {
+
+    public static Builder builderFor(Class<?> clazz) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(clazz.getSimpleName()).append('(');
+        return new Builder(sb);
+    }
+
+    public static final class Builder {
+        private final StringBuilder sb;
+
+        private Builder(StringBuilder sb) {
+            this.sb = sb;
+        }
+
+        public Builder addValue(String name, Object value) {
+            if (value == null) {
+                return this;
+            }
+            if (sb.charAt(sb.length() - 1) != '(') {
+                sb.append(' ');
+            }
+            sb.append(name).append("='").append(value).append('\'');
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public <V> Builder add(String name, Collection<? extends V> values, Function<?, V> toStringFunction) {
+            if (values.isEmpty()) {
+                return this;
+            }
+
+            sb.append(' ').append(name).append('[');
+
+            List<String> stringValues = new ArrayList<>(values.size());
+            for (V value : values) {
+                String valueString = toStringFunction.apply(value).toString();
+                stringValues.add(valueString);
+            }
+
+            StringUtils.appendTo(stringValues, ", ", sb);
+
+            sb.append(']');
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public String build() {
+            sb.append(')');
+
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+    }
+}

smack-core/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/util/XmppElementUtil.java

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
  */
 package org.jivesoftware.smack.util;
 
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
@@ -52,4 +55,21 @@ public class XmppElementUtil {
         return new QName(namespace, element);
     }
 
+    public static <E extends FullyQualifiedElement, R extends FullyQualifiedElement> List<R> getElementsFrom(
+                    MultiMap<QName, E> elementMap, Class<R> extensionElementClass) {
+        QName qname = XmppElementUtil.getQNameFor(extensionElementClass);
+
+        List<E> extensionElements = elementMap.getAll(qname);
+
+        if (extensionElements.isEmpty()) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+
+        List<R> res = new ArrayList<>(extensionElements.size());
+        for (E extensionElement : extensionElements) {
+            R e = extensionElementClass.cast(extensionElement);
+            res.add(e);
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
 }

smack-core/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/filter/FromMatchesFilterTest.java

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.filter;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
-import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.jxmpp.jid.EntityFullJid;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void autoCompareMatchingEntityFullJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.create(FULL_JID1_R1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(FULL_JID1_R1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void autoCompareMatchingBaseJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.create(BASE_JID1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(BASE_JID1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void autoCompareMatchingServiceJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.create(SERVICE_JID1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(SERVICE_JID1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void bareCompareMatchingEntityFullJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.createBare(FULL_JID1_R1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(BASE_JID1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void bareCompareMatchingBaseJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.createBare(BASE_JID1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(BASE_JID1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void bareCompareMatchingServiceJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.createBare(SERVICE_JID1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(SERVICE_JID1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void fullCompareMatchingEntityFullJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.createFull(FULL_JID1_R1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(FULL_JID1_R1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void fullCompareMatchingBaseJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.createFull(BASE_JID1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(BASE_JID1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ public class FromMatchesFilterTest {
     @Test
     public void fullCompareMatchingServiceJid() {
         FromMatchesFilter filter = FromMatchesFilter.createFull(SERVICE_JID1);
-        Stanza packet = new Message();
+        Stanza packet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         packet.setFrom(SERVICE_JID1);
         assertTrue(filter.accept(packet));

smack-core/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/IQResponseTest.java

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public class IQResponseTest {
      */
     @Test
     public void testGeneratingValidErrorResponse() throws XmppStringprepException {
-        final StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request);
+        final StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request).build();
         final IQ request = new TestIQ(ELEMENT, NAMESPACE);
 
         request.setType(IQ.Type.set);
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public class IQResponseTest {
         assertNotNull(result.getStanzaId());
         assertEquals(request.getStanzaId(), result.getStanzaId());
         assertEquals(request.getFrom(), result.getTo());
-        assertEquals(error.build().toXML().toString(), result.getError().toXML().toString());
+        assertEquals(error.toXML().toString(), result.getError().toXML().toString());
         // TODO this test was never valid
         // assertEquals(CHILD_ELEMENT, result.getChildElementXML());
     }
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public class IQResponseTest {
      */
     @Test
     public void testGeneratingErrorBasedOnError() throws XmppStringprepException {
-        final StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request);
+        final StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request).build();
         final IQ request = new TestIQ(ELEMENT, NAMESPACE);
 
         request.setType(IQ.Type.error);

smack-core/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/MessageTest.java

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 
 import static org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.XmlUnitUtils.assertXmlSimilar;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -44,10 +43,12 @@ public class MessageTest {
                 .append("</message>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Message messageTypeInConstructor = new Message(null, Message.Type.chat);
+        Message messageBuildWithBuilder = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        messageTypeInConstructor.setStanzaId(null);
+                        .ofType(Message.Type.chat)
-        assertEquals(type, messageTypeInConstructor.getType());
+                        .build();
-        assertXmlSimilar(control, messageTypeInConstructor.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
+
+        assertEquals(type, messageBuildWithBuilder.getType());
+        assertXmlSimilar(control, messageBuildWithBuilder.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
 
         controlBuilder = new StringBuilder();
         controlBuilder.append("<message")
@@ -57,16 +58,18 @@ public class MessageTest {
                 .append("</message>");
         control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Message messageTypeSet = getNewMessage();
+        Message messageTypeSet = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        messageTypeSet.setType(type2);
+                        .ofType(type2)
+                        .build();
         assertEquals(type2, messageTypeSet.getType());
         assertXmlSimilar(control, messageTypeSet.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 
     @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
     public void setNullMessageBodyTest() {
-        Message message = getNewMessage();
+        StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.addBody(null, null);
+                        .addBody(null, null)
+                        .build();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -81,9 +84,9 @@ public class MessageTest {
                 .append("</message>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Message message = getNewMessage();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.setSubject(messageSubject);
+                        .setSubject(messageSubject)
-
+                        .build();
         assertEquals(messageSubject, message.getSubject());
         assertXmlSimilar(control, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
@@ -100,9 +103,9 @@ public class MessageTest {
                 .append("</message>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Message message = getNewMessage();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.setBody(messageBody);
+                        .setBody(messageBody)
-
+                        .build();
         assertEquals(messageBody, message.getBody());
         assertXmlSimilar(control, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
@@ -133,10 +136,11 @@ public class MessageTest {
                 .append("</message>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Message message = getNewMessage();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.addBody(null, messageBody1);
+                        .addBody(null, messageBody1)
-        message.addBody(lang2, messageBody2);
+                        .addBody(lang2, messageBody2)
-        message.addBody(lang3, messageBody3);
+                        .addBody(lang3, messageBody3)
+                        .build();
         assertXmlSimilar(control, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE));
 
         Collection<String> languages = message.getBodyLanguages();
@@ -148,21 +152,20 @@ public class MessageTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void removeMessageBodyTest() {
+    public void simpleMessageBodyTest() {
-        Message message = getNewMessage();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.setBody("test");
+                        .setBody("test")
+                        .build();
         assertTrue(message.getBodies().size() == 1);
 
-        message.setBody(null);
+        message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         assertTrue(message.getBodies().size() == 0);
 
-        assertFalse(message.removeBody("sp"));
 
-        Message.Body body = message.addBody("es", "test");
+        message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
+                        .addBody("es", "test")
+                        .build();
         assertTrue(message.getBodies().size() == 1);
-
-        message.removeBody(body);
-        assertTrue(message.getBodies().size() == 0);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -177,8 +180,9 @@ public class MessageTest {
                 .append("</message>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Message message = getNewMessage();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.setThread(messageThread);
+                        .setThread(messageThread)
+                        .build();
 
         assertEquals(messageThread, message.getThread());
         assertXmlSimilar(control, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
@@ -196,15 +200,10 @@ public class MessageTest {
                 .append("</message>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Message message = getNewMessage();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.setLanguage(lang);
+                        .setLanguage(lang)
+                        .build();
 
         assertXmlSimilar(control, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
-
-    private static Message getNewMessage() {
-        Message message = new Message();
-        message.setStanzaId(null);
-        return message;
-    }
 }

smack-core/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/PresenceTest.java

@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ public class PresenceTest {
                 .append("</presence>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Presence presenceTypeInConstructor = new Presence(type);
+        Presence presenceTypeInConstructor = StanzaBuilder.buildPresence()
-        presenceTypeInConstructor.setStanzaId(null);
+                        .ofType(type)
+                        .build();
         assertEquals(type, presenceTypeInConstructor.getType());
         assertXmlSimilar(control, presenceTypeInConstructor.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
 
@@ -54,27 +55,27 @@ public class PresenceTest {
                 .append("</presence>");
         control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Presence presenceTypeSet = getNewPresence();
+        PresenceBuilder presenceTypeSet = getNewPresence();
-        presenceTypeSet.setType(type2);
+        presenceTypeSet.ofType(type2);
         assertEquals(type2, presenceTypeSet.getType());
-        assertXmlSimilar(control, presenceTypeSet.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
+        assertXmlSimilar(control, presenceTypeSet.build().toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void setNullPresenceTypeTest() {
         assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () ->
-        getNewPresence().setType(null)
+        getNewPresence().ofType(null)
         );
     }
 
     @Test
     public void isPresenceAvailableTest() {
-        Presence presence = getNewPresence();
+        PresenceBuilder presence = getNewPresence();
-        presence.setType(Presence.Type.available);
+        presence.ofType(Presence.Type.available);
-        assertTrue(presence.isAvailable());
+        assertTrue(presence.build().isAvailable());
 
-        presence.setType(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+        presence.ofType(Presence.Type.unavailable);
-        assertFalse(presence.isAvailable());
+        assertFalse(presence.build().isAvailable());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -89,11 +90,11 @@ public class PresenceTest {
                 .append("</presence>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Presence presence = getNewPresence();
+        PresenceBuilder presence = getNewPresence();
         presence.setStatus(status);
 
         assertEquals(status, presence.getStatus());
-        assertXmlSimilar(control, presence.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
+        assertXmlSimilar(control, presence.build().toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -108,11 +109,11 @@ public class PresenceTest {
                 .append("</presence>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Presence presence = getNewPresence();
+        PresenceBuilder presence = getNewPresence();
         presence.setPriority(priority);
 
         assertEquals(priority, presence.getPriority());
-        assertXmlSimilar(control, presence.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
+        assertXmlSimilar(control, presence.build().toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -143,11 +144,14 @@ public class PresenceTest {
                 .append("</presence>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Presence presenceModeInConstructor = new Presence(Presence.Type.available, status, priority,
+        Presence presenceBuildWithBuilder = StanzaBuilder.buildPresence()
-                mode1);
+                        .ofType(Presence.Type.available)
-        presenceModeInConstructor.setStanzaId(null);
+                        .setStatus(status)
-        assertEquals(mode1, presenceModeInConstructor.getMode());
+                        .setPriority(priority)
-        assertXmlSimilar(control, presenceModeInConstructor.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
+                        .setMode(mode1)
+                        .build();
+        assertEquals(mode1, presenceBuildWithBuilder.getMode());
+        assertXmlSimilar(control, presenceBuildWithBuilder.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
 
         controlBuilder = new StringBuilder();
         controlBuilder.append("<presence>")
@@ -157,20 +161,20 @@ public class PresenceTest {
                 .append("</presence>");
        control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Presence presenceModeSet = getNewPresence();
+        PresenceBuilder presenceModeSet = getNewPresence();
         presenceModeSet.setMode(mode2);
         assertEquals(mode2, presenceModeSet.getMode());
-        assertXmlSimilar(control, presenceModeSet.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
+        assertXmlSimilar(control, presenceModeSet.build().toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void isModeAwayTest() {
-        Presence presence = getNewPresence();
+        PresenceBuilder presence = getNewPresence();
         presence.setMode(Presence.Mode.away);
-        assertTrue(presence.isAway());
+        assertTrue(presence.build().isAway());
 
         presence.setMode(Presence.Mode.chat);
-        assertFalse(presence.isAway());
+        assertFalse(presence.build().isAway());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -185,15 +189,14 @@ public class PresenceTest {
                 .append("</presence>");
         String control = controlBuilder.toString();
 
-        Presence presence = getNewPresence();
+        PresenceBuilder presence = getNewPresence();
         presence.setLanguage(lang);
 
-        assertXmlSimilar(control, presence.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
+        assertXmlSimilar(control, presence.build().toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 
-    private static Presence getNewPresence() {
+    private static PresenceBuilder getNewPresence() {
-        Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.available);
+        PresenceBuilder presence = StanzaBuilder.buildPresence().ofType(Presence.Type.available);
-        presence.setStanzaId(null);
         return presence;
     }
 }

smack-core/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/ToStringTest.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright © 2016-2017 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright © 2016-2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 
-import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence.Mode;
-
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.jxmpp.jid.JidTestUtil;
 
@@ -27,15 +25,21 @@ public class ToStringTest {
 
     @Test
     public void messageTest() {
-        Message message = new Message(JidTestUtil.BARE_JID_1, Message.Type.headline);
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("message-id")
-        message.setStanzaId("message-id");
+                        .ofType(Message.Type.headline)
+                        .to(JidTestUtil.BARE_JID_1)
+                        .build();
         String string = message.toString();
         assertEquals("Message Stanza [to=one@exampleone.org,id=message-id,type=headline,]", string);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void presenceTest() {
-        Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.subscribe, null, 0, Mode.away);
+        Presence presence = StanzaBuilder.buildPresence()
+                        .ofType(Presence.Type.subscribe)
+                        .setPriority(0)
+                        .setMode(Presence.Mode.away)
+                        .build();
         presence.setStanzaId("presence-id");
         String string = presence.toString();
         assertEquals("Presence Stanza [id=presence-id,type=subscribe,mode=away,prio=0,]", string);

smack-core/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/packet/XMPPErrorTest.java

@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@
  */
 package org.jivesoftware.smack.packet;
 
-import static org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError.Condition;
-import static org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError.Type;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 
 import java.util.Map;
 
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError.Condition;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError.Type;
+
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class XMPPErrorTest {

smack-core/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/util/PacketParserUtilsTest.java

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParserException;
 
 import com.jamesmurty.utils.XMLBuilder;
-
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
@@ -547,30 +546,6 @@ public class PacketParserUtilsTest {
         assertTrue(message.getSubjectLanguages().contains(otherLanguage));
         assertXmlSimilar(control, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
 
-        // message has default language, first subject no language, second subject default language
-        control = XMLBuilder.create("message")
-            .a("from", "romeo@montague.lit/orchard")
-            .a("to", "juliet@capulet.lit/balcony")
-            .a("id", "zid615d9")
-            .a("type", "chat")
-            .a("xml:lang", defaultLanguage)
-            .e("subject")
-                .t(defaultLanguage)
-            .up()
-            .e("subject")
-                .a("xml:lang", defaultLanguage)
-                .t(defaultLanguage + "2")
-            .asString(outputProperties);
-
-        message = PacketParserUtils
-                        .parseMessage(PacketParserUtils.getParserFor(control));
-
-        assertEquals(defaultLanguage, message.getSubject());
-        assertEquals(defaultLanguage, message.getSubject(defaultLanguage));
-        assertEquals(1, message.getSubjects().size());
-        assertEquals(0, message.getSubjectLanguages().size());
-        assertXmlNotSimilar(control, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
-
         // message has non-default language, first subject no language, second subject default language
         control = XMLBuilder.create("message")
             .a("from", "romeo@montague.lit/orchard")
@@ -867,7 +842,7 @@ public class PacketParserUtilsTest {
             .element("text", StanzaError.ERROR_CONDITION_AND_TEXT_NAMESPACE).t(text).up()
             .asString();
         XmlPullParser parser = TestUtils.getParser(errorXml);
-        StanzaError error = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser).build();
+        StanzaError error = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser);
         assertEquals(text, error.getDescriptiveText());
     }
 }

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/dox/DnsOverXmppManager.java

@@ -88,10 +88,11 @@ public final class DnsOverXmppManager extends Manager {
             try {
                 response = resolver.resolve(query);
             } catch (IOException exception) {
-                StanzaError.Builder errorBuilder = StanzaError.getBuilder()
+                StanzaError errorBuilder = StanzaError.getBuilder()
                         .setType(Type.CANCEL)
                         .setCondition(Condition.internal_server_error)
                         .setDescriptiveEnText("Exception while resolving your DNS query", exception)
+                        .build()
                         ;
 
                 IQ errorResponse = IQ.createErrorResponse(iqRequest, errorBuilder);

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/eme/element/ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright 2017 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright 2017-2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,8 +20,12 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.ExtensionElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageView;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.XmlStringBuilder;
 
@@ -33,6 +37,8 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement implements ExtensionElement {
 
     public static final String NAMESPACE = "urn:xmpp:eme:0";
 
+    public static final QName QNAME = new QName(NAMESPACE, ELEMENT);
+
     public enum ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol {
 
         /**
@@ -154,14 +160,12 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement implements ExtensionElement {
      * @param protocolNamespace namespace
      * @return true if message has EME element for that namespace, otherwise false
      */
-    public static boolean hasProtocol(Message message, String protocolNamespace) {
+    public static boolean hasProtocol(MessageView message, String protocolNamespace) {
-        List<ExtensionElement> extensionElements = message.getExtensions(
+        List<ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement> emeElements = message
-                ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.ELEMENT,
+                .getExtensions(ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.class);
-                ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.NAMESPACE);
 
-        for (ExtensionElement extensionElement : extensionElements) {
+        for (ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement emeElement : emeElements) {
-            ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement e = (ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement) extensionElement;
+            if (emeElement.getEncryptionNamespace().equals(protocolNamespace)) {
-            if (e.getEncryptionNamespace().equals(protocolNamespace)) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
@@ -176,7 +180,7 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement implements ExtensionElement {
      * @param protocol protocol
      * @return true if message has EME element for that namespace, otherwise false
      */
-    public static boolean hasProtocol(Message message, ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol protocol) {
+    public static boolean hasProtocol(MessageView message, ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol protocol) {
         return hasProtocol(message, protocol.namespace);
     }
 
@@ -184,10 +188,10 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement implements ExtensionElement {
      * Add an EME element containing the specified {@code protocol} namespace to the message.
      * In case there is already an element with that protocol, we do nothing.
      *
-     * @param message message
+     * @param message a message builder.
      * @param protocol encryption protocol
      */
-    public static void set(Message message, ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol protocol) {
+    public static void set(MessageBuilder message, ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol protocol) {
         if (!hasProtocol(message, protocol.namespace)) {
             message.addExtension(new ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement(protocol));
         }

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/hints/element/StoreHint.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright 2017 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright 2017-2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
  */
 package org.jivesoftware.smackx.hints.element;
 
-import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageView;
 
 /**
  * A "store" hint. Messages with this hint should be stored in permanent stores or archives.
@@ -29,6 +32,8 @@ public final class StoreHint extends MessageProcessingHint {
 
     public static final String ELEMENT = "store";
 
+    public static final QName QNAME = new QName(NAMESPACE, ELEMENT);
+
     private StoreHint() {
     }
 
@@ -47,15 +52,15 @@ public final class StoreHint extends MessageProcessingHint {
         return MessageProcessingHintType.store;
     }
 
-    public static StoreHint from(Message message) {
+    public static StoreHint from(MessageView message) {
-        return message.getExtension(ELEMENT, NAMESPACE);
+        return message.getExtension(QNAME);
     }
 
-    public static boolean hasHint(Message message) {
+    public static boolean hasHint(MessageView message) {
         return from(message) != null;
     }
 
-    public static void set(Message message) {
+    public static void set(MessageBuilder message) {
         message.overrideExtension(INSTANCE);
     }
 }

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/iot/control/element/IoTSetResponse.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright © 2016 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright © 2016-2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,19 +17,25 @@
 package org.jivesoftware.smackx.iot.control.element;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IqBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 
 public class IoTSetResponse extends IQ {
 
     public static final String ELEMENT = "setResponse";
     public static final String NAMESPACE = Constants.IOT_CONTROL_NAMESPACE;
 
+    public IoTSetResponse(IqBuilder iqBuilder) {
+        super(iqBuilder, ELEMENT, NAMESPACE);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Deprecate when stanza build is ready.
     public IoTSetResponse() {
         super(ELEMENT, NAMESPACE);
     }
 
     public IoTSetResponse(IoTSetRequest iotSetRequest) {
-        this();
+        this(StanzaBuilder.buildIqResultFor(iotSetRequest));
-        initializeAsResultFor(iotSetRequest);
     }
 
     @Override

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/iot/data/IoTDataManager.java

@@ -125,10 +125,14 @@ public final class IoTDataManager extends IoTManager {
                     @Override
                     public void momentaryReadOut(List<? extends IoTDataField> results) {
                         IoTFieldsExtension iotFieldsExtension = IoTFieldsExtension.buildFor(dataRequest.getSequenceNr(), true, thing.getNodeInfo(), results);
-                        Message message = new Message(dataRequest.getFrom());
+
-                        message.addExtension(iotFieldsExtension);
+                        XMPPConnection connection = connection();
+                        Message message = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza()
+                                .to(dataRequest.getFrom())
+                                .addExtension(iotFieldsExtension)
+                                .build();
                         try {
-                            connection().sendStanza(message);
+                            connection.sendStanza(message);
                         }
                         catch (NotConnectedException | InterruptedException e) {
                             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not send read-out response " + message, e);

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/iot/provisioning/IoTProvisioningManager.java

@@ -140,8 +140,10 @@ public final class IoTProvisioningManager extends Manager {
                                     + " is already not subscribed to our presence.");
                     return;
                 }
-                Presence unsubscribed = new Presence(Presence.Type.unsubscribed);
+                Presence unsubscribed = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
-                unsubscribed.setTo(unfriendJid);
+                        .ofType(Presence.Type.unsubscribed)
+                        .to(unfriendJid)
+                        .build();
                 connection.sendStanza(unsubscribed);
             }
         }, UNFRIEND_MESSAGE);
@@ -162,7 +164,10 @@ public final class IoTProvisioningManager extends Manager {
                     // friendship requests.
                     final XMPPConnection connection = connection();
                     Friend friendNotification = new Friend(connection.getUser().asBareJid());
-                    Message notificationMessage = new Message(friendJid, friendNotification);
+                    Message notificationMessage = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza()
+                            .to(friendJid)
+                            .addExtension(friendNotification)
+                            .build();
                     connection.sendStanza(notificationMessage);
                 } else {
                     // Check is the message was send from a thing we previously
@@ -359,8 +364,11 @@ public final class IoTProvisioningManager extends Manager {
     }
 
     public void sendFriendshipRequest(BareJid bareJid) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.subscribe);
+        XMPPConnection connection = connection();
-        presence.setTo(bareJid);
+        Presence presence = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
+            .ofType(Presence.Type.subscribe)
+            .to(bareJid)
+            .build();
 
         friendshipRequestedCache.put(bareJid, null);
 
@@ -379,9 +387,12 @@ public final class IoTProvisioningManager extends Manager {
 
     public void unfriend(Jid friend) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
         if (isMyFriend(friend)) {
-            Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unsubscribed);
+            XMPPConnection connection = connection();
-            presence.setTo(friend);
+            Presence presence = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
-            connection().sendStanza(presence);
+                    .ofType(Presence.Type.unsubscribed)
+                    .to(friend)
+                    .build();
+            connection.sendStanza(presence);
         }
     }
 

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/muclight/MultiUserChatLight.java

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.MessageTypeFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
-
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.muclight.element.MUCLightAffiliationsIQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.muclight.element.MUCLightChangeAffiliationsIQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.muclight.element.MUCLightConfigurationIQ;
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ public class MultiUserChatLight {
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
     public void sendMessage(String text) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Message message = createMessage();
+        MessageBuilder message = buildMessage();
         message.setBody(text);
-        connection.sendStanza(message);
+        connection.sendStanza(message.build());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -157,9 +157,28 @@ public class MultiUserChatLight {
      * Creates a new Message to send to the chat room.
      *
      * @return a new Message addressed to the chat room.
+     * @deprecated use {@link #buildMessage()} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public Message createMessage() {
-        return new Message(room, Message.Type.groupchat);
+        return connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza()
+                .ofType(Message.Type.groupchat)
+                .to(room)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new message builder for messages send to this MUC room.
+     *
+     * @return a new message builder.
+     */
+    public MessageBuilder buildMessage() {
+        return connection.getStanzaFactory()
+                .buildMessageStanza()
+                .ofType(Message.Type.groupchat)
+                .to(room)
+                ;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -169,10 +188,23 @@ public class MultiUserChatLight {
      *            the message.
      * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
+     * @deprecated use {@link #sendMessage(MessageBuilder)} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void sendMessage(Message message) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        message.setTo(room);
+        sendMessage(message.asBuilder());
-        message.setType(Message.Type.groupchat);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a Message to the chat room.
+     *
+     * @param messageBuilder the message.
+     * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
+     * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
+     */
+    public void sendMessage(MessageBuilder messageBuilder) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
+        Message message = messageBuilder.to(room).ofType(Message.Type.groupchat).build();
         connection.sendStanza(message);
     }
 

smack-experimental/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/push_notifications/provider/RemoteDisablingProvider.java

@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ public class RemoteDisablingProvider extends ExtensionElementProvider<RemoteDisa
 
                     String affiliation = parser.getAttributeValue("", "affiliation");
                     if (affiliation == null || !affiliation.equals("none")) {
-                        return null;
+                        // TODO: Is this correct? We previously returned null here, but was certainly wrong, as
+                        // providers should always return an element or throw.
+                        throw new IOException("Invalid affiliation: " + affiliation);
                     }
                 }
             } else if (eventType == XmlPullParser.Event.END_ELEMENT) {

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/chat_markers/AcknowledgedExtensionTest.java

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StreamOpen;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers.element.ChatMarkersElements.Acknowle
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers.provider.AcknowledgedProvider;
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
-import org.jxmpp.jid.impl.JidCreate;
 
 public class AcknowledgedExtensionTest {
 
@@ -39,9 +39,10 @@ public class AcknowledgedExtensionTest {
 
     @Test
     public void checkDisplayedExtension() throws Exception {
-        Message message = new Message(JidCreate.from("northumberland@shakespeare.lit/westminster"));
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("message-2")
-        message.setStanzaId("message-2");
+                .to("northumberland@shakespeare.lit/westminster")
-        message.addExtension(new ChatMarkersElements.AcknowledgedExtension("message-1"));
+                .addExtension(new ChatMarkersElements.AcknowledgedExtension("message-1"))
+                .build();
         assertEquals(acknowledgedMessageStanza, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/chat_markers/DisplayedExtensionTest.java

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StreamOpen;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers.element.ChatMarkersElements.Displaye
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers.provider.DisplayedProvider;
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
-import org.jxmpp.jid.impl.JidCreate;
 
 public class DisplayedExtensionTest {
 
@@ -39,9 +39,10 @@ public class DisplayedExtensionTest {
 
     @Test
     public void checkDisplayedExtension() throws Exception {
-        Message message = new Message(JidCreate.from("northumberland@shakespeare.lit/westminster"));
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("message-2")
-        message.setStanzaId("message-2");
+                .to("northumberland@shakespeare.lit/westminster")
-        message.addExtension(new ChatMarkersElements.DisplayedExtension("message-1"));
+                .addExtension(new ChatMarkersElements.DisplayedExtension("message-1"))
+                .build();
         assertEquals(displayedMessageStanza, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/chat_markers/MarkableExtensionTest.java

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
 
@@ -39,10 +40,12 @@ public class MarkableExtensionTest {
 
     @Test
     public void checkMarkableExtension() throws Exception {
-        Message message = new Message(JidCreate.from("ingrichard@royalty.england.lit/throne"));
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("message-1")
-        message.setStanzaId("message-1");
+                .to(JidCreate.from("ingrichard@royalty.england.lit/throne"))
-        message.setBody("My lord, dispatch; read o'er these articles.");
+                .setBody("My lord, dispatch; read o'er these articles.")
-        message.addExtension(ChatMarkersElements.MarkableExtension.INSTANCE);
+                .addExtension(ChatMarkersElements.MarkableExtension.INSTANCE)
+                .build();
+
         assertEquals(markableMessageStanza, message.toXML().toString());
     }
 

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/chat_markers/ReceivedExtensionTest.java

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StreamOpen;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers.element.ChatMarkersElements.Received
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.chat_markers.provider.ReceivedProvider;
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
-import org.jxmpp.jid.impl.JidCreate;
 
 public class ReceivedExtensionTest {
 
@@ -39,9 +39,10 @@ public class ReceivedExtensionTest {
 
     @Test
     public void checkReceivedExtension() throws Exception {
-        Message message = new Message(JidCreate.from("northumberland@shakespeare.lit/westminster"));
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("message-2")
-        message.setStanzaId("message-2");
+                .to("northumberland@shakespeare.lit/westminster")
-        message.addExtension(new ChatMarkersElements.ReceivedExtension("message-1"));
+                .addExtension(new ChatMarkersElements.ReceivedExtension("message-1"))
+                .build();
         assertEquals(receivedMessageStanza, message.toXML(StreamOpen.CLIENT_NAMESPACE).toString());
     }
 

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/eme/ExplicitMessageEncryptionElementTest.java

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.ExtensionElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.SmackTestSuite;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.eme.element.ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement;
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElementTest extends SmackTestSuite {
 
     @Test
     public void addToMessageTest() {
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
 
         // Check inital state (no elements)
         assertNull(ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.from(message));
@@ -45,9 +47,12 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElementTest extends SmackTestSuite {
         List<ExtensionElement> extensions = message.getExtensions();
         assertEquals(0, extensions.size());
 
+        MessageBuilder messageBuilder = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage();
         // Add OMEMO
-        ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.set(message,
+        ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.set(messageBuilder,
                 ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol.omemoVAxolotl);
+
+        message = messageBuilder.build();
         extensions = message.getExtensions();
         assertEquals(1, extensions.size());
         assertTrue(ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.hasProtocol(message,
@@ -59,8 +64,10 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElementTest extends SmackTestSuite {
         assertFalse(ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.hasProtocol(message,
                 ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol.openpgpV0.getNamespace()));
 
-        ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.set(message,
+        ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.set(messageBuilder,
                 ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol.openpgpV0);
+
+        message = messageBuilder.build();
         extensions = message.getExtensions();
         assertEquals(2, extensions.size());
         assertTrue(ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.hasProtocol(message,
@@ -69,9 +76,10 @@ public class ExplicitMessageEncryptionElementTest extends SmackTestSuite {
                 ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol.omemoVAxolotl));
 
         // Check, if adding additional OMEMO wont add another element
-        ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.set(message,
+        ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.set(messageBuilder,
                 ExplicitMessageEncryptionElement.ExplicitMessageEncryptionProtocol.omemoVAxolotl);
 
+        message = messageBuilder.build();
         extensions = message.getExtensions();
         assertEquals(2, extensions.size());
     }

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/mam/QueryArchiveTest.java

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import java.util.TimeZone;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Type;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StreamOpen;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.delay.packet.DelayInformation;
@@ -62,21 +63,21 @@ public class QueryArchiveTest extends MamTest {
 
     @Test
     public void checkMamQueryResults() throws Exception {
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("iasd207")
-        message.setStanzaId("iasd207");
+                .from("coven@chat.shakespeare.lit")
-        message.setFrom(JidCreate.from("coven@chat.shakespeare.lit"));
+                .to("hag66@shakespeare.lit/pda")
-        message.setTo(JidCreate.from("hag66@shakespeare.lit/pda"));
+                .build();
 
         GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(2002, 10 - 1, 13, 23, 58, 37);
         calendar.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
         Date date = calendar.getTime();
 
         DelayInformation delay = new DelayInformation(date);
-        Message forwardedMessage = new Message();
+        Message forwardedMessage = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("162BEBB1-F6DB-4D9A-9BD8-CFDCC801A0B2")
-        forwardedMessage.setFrom(JidCreate.from("coven@chat.shakespeare.lit/firstwitch"));
+                        .from(JidCreate.from("coven@chat.shakespeare.lit/firstwitch"))
-        forwardedMessage.setStanzaId("162BEBB1-F6DB-4D9A-9BD8-CFDCC801A0B2");
+                        .ofType(Type.chat)
-        forwardedMessage.setType(Type.chat);
+                        .setBody("Thrice the brinded cat hath mew.")
-        forwardedMessage.setBody("Thrice the brinded cat hath mew.");
+                        .build();
 
         Forwarded forwarded = new Forwarded(delay, forwardedMessage);
 

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/push_notifications/RemoteDisablingPushNotificationsTest.java

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smackx.push_notifications;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
@@ -56,18 +58,12 @@ public class RemoteDisablingPushNotificationsTest {
 
     @Test
     public void checkWrongRemoteDisablighPushNotifications() throws Exception {
-        Message message1 = PacketParserUtils.parseStanza(wrongRemoteDisabling1);
+        assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> PacketParserUtils.parseStanza(wrongRemoteDisabling1));
-        RemoteDisablingExtension remoteDisablingExtension1 = RemoteDisablingExtension.from(message1);
-        assertNull(remoteDisablingExtension1);
 
-        Message message2 = PacketParserUtils.parseStanza(wrongRemoteDisabling2);
+        assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> PacketParserUtils.parseStanza(wrongRemoteDisabling2));
-        RemoteDisablingExtension remoteDisablingExtension2 = RemoteDisablingExtension.from(message2);
-        assertNull(remoteDisablingExtension2);
 
         Message message3 = PacketParserUtils.parseStanza(wrongRemoteDisabling3);
         assertNotNull(message3);
-        // RemoteDisablingExtension remoteDisablingExtension3 = RemoteDisablingExtension.from(message3);
-        // assertNull(remoteDisablingExtension3);
     }
 
 }

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/sid/StableUniqueStanzaIdTest.java

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.SmackTestSuite;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.TestUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ public class StableUniqueStanzaIdTest extends SmackTestSuite {
 
     @Test
     public void fromMessageTest() {
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         assertFalse(OriginIdElement.hasOriginId(message));
         assertFalse(StanzaIdElement.hasStanzaId(message));
 

smack-experimental/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/spoiler/SpoilerTest.java

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.SmackTestSuite;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.TestUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ public class SpoilerTest extends SmackTestSuite {
     public void emptySpoilerTest() throws Exception {
         final String xml = "<spoiler xmlns='urn:xmpp:spoiler:0'/>";
 
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         SpoilerElement.addSpoiler(message);
 
         SpoilerElement empty = message.getExtension(SpoilerElement.ELEMENT, SpoilerManager.NAMESPACE_0);
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ public class SpoilerTest extends SmackTestSuite {
     public void hintSpoilerTest() throws Exception {
         final String xml = "<spoiler xmlns='urn:xmpp:spoiler:0'>Love story end</spoiler>";
 
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         SpoilerElement.addSpoiler(message, "Love story end");
 
         SpoilerElement withHint = message.getExtension(SpoilerElement.ELEMENT, SpoilerManager.NAMESPACE_0);
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ public class SpoilerTest extends SmackTestSuite {
     public void i18nHintSpoilerTest() throws Exception {
         final String xml = "<spoiler xml:lang='de' xmlns='urn:xmpp:spoiler:0'>Der Kuchen ist eine Lüge!</spoiler>";
 
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         SpoilerElement.addSpoiler(message, "de", "Der Kuchen ist eine Lüge!");
 
         SpoilerElement i18nHint = message.getExtension(SpoilerElement.ELEMENT, SpoilerManager.NAMESPACE_0);
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ public class SpoilerTest extends SmackTestSuite {
 
     @Test
     public void getSpoilersTest() {
-        Message m = new Message();
+        Message m = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         assertTrue(SpoilerElement.getSpoilers(m).isEmpty());
 
         SpoilerElement.addSpoiler(m);

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/chat2/Chat.java

@@ -40,9 +40,12 @@ public final class Chat extends Manager {
     }
 
     public void send(CharSequence message) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Message stanza = new Message();
+        Message stanza = connection()
-        stanza.setBody(message);
+                .getStanzaFactory()
-        stanza.setType(Message.Type.chat);
+                .buildMessageStanza()
+                .ofType(Message.Type.chat)
+                .setBody(message)
+                .build();
         send(stanza);
     }
 

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/address/MultipleRecipientManager.java

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ public class MultipleRecipientManager {
         }
         // Any <thread/> element from the initial message MUST be copied into the reply.
         if (original.getThread() != null) {
-            reply.setThread(original.getThread());
+            reply.asBuilder().setThread(original.getThread()).build();
         }
         MultipleAddresses.Address replyAddress = info.getReplyAddress();
         if (replyAddress != null && replyAddress.getJid() != null) {

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/bytestreams/ibb/InBandBytestreamSession.java

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaTypeFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.stringencoder.Base64;
 
@@ -835,8 +836,9 @@ public class InBandBytestreamSession implements BytestreamSession {
         @Override
         protected synchronized void writeToXML(DataPacketExtension data) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
             // create message stanza containing data packet
-            Message message = new Message(remoteJID);
+            Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().to(remoteJID)
-            message.addExtension(data);
+                    .addExtension(data)
+                    .build();
 
             connection.sendStanza(message);
 

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/bytestreams/socks5/Socks5BytestreamManager.java

@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ public final class Socks5BytestreamManager extends Manager implements Bytestream
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
     protected void replyRejectPacket(IQ packet) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        StanzaError.Builder xmppError = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.not_acceptable);
+        StanzaError xmppError = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.not_acceptable).build();
         IQ errorIQ = IQ.createErrorResponse(packet, xmppError);
         connection().sendStanza(errorIQ);
     }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/bytestreams/socks5/Socks5BytestreamRequest.java

@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ public class Socks5BytestreamRequest implements BytestreamRequest {
             errorMessage = couldNotConnectException.getMessage();
         }
 
-        StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.from(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found, errorMessage);
+        StanzaError error = StanzaError.from(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found, errorMessage).build();
         IQ errorIQ = IQ.createErrorResponse(this.bytestreamRequest, error);
         this.manager.getConnection().sendStanza(errorIQ);
 

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/chatstates/ChatStateManager.java

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.ExtensionElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.chatstates.packet.ChatStateExtension;
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.disco.ServiceDiscoveryManager;
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ public final class ChatStateManager extends Manager {
         if (!updateChatState(chat, newState)) {
             return;
         }
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         ChatStateExtension extension = new ChatStateExtension(newState);
         message.addExtension(extension);
 

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/commands/AdHocCommandManager.java

@@ -329,7 +329,10 @@ public final class AdHocCommandManager extends Manager {
                 }
                 catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | IllegalArgumentException
                                 | InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException | SecurityException e) {
-                    StanzaError.Builder xmppError = StanzaError.getBuilder().setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.internal_server_error).setDescriptiveEnText(e.getMessage());
+                    StanzaError xmppError = StanzaError.getBuilder()
+                                    .setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.internal_server_error)
+                                    .setDescriptiveEnText(e.getMessage())
+                                    .build();
                     return respondError(response, xmppError);
                 }
 
@@ -393,7 +396,7 @@ public final class AdHocCommandManager extends Manager {
                     response.setStatus(Status.canceled);
                     executingCommands.remove(sessionId);
                 }
-                return respondError(response, StanzaError.getBuilder(error));
+                return respondError(response, error);
             }
         }
         else {
@@ -503,7 +506,7 @@ public final class AdHocCommandManager extends Manager {
                         response.setStatus(Status.canceled);
                         executingCommands.remove(sessionId);
                     }
-                    return respondError(response, StanzaError.getBuilder(error));
+                    return respondError(response, error);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -559,7 +562,7 @@ public final class AdHocCommandManager extends Manager {
      */
     private static IQ respondError(AdHocCommandData response,
             StanzaError.Condition condition) {
-        return respondError(response, StanzaError.getBuilder(condition));
+        return respondError(response, StanzaError.getBuilder(condition).build());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -572,7 +575,9 @@ public final class AdHocCommandManager extends Manager {
      */
     private static IQ respondError(AdHocCommandData response, StanzaError.Condition condition,
             AdHocCommand.SpecificErrorCondition specificCondition) {
-        StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder(condition).addExtension(new AdHocCommandData.SpecificError(specificCondition));
+        StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder(condition)
+                        .addExtension(new AdHocCommandData.SpecificError(specificCondition))
+                        .build();
         return respondError(response, error);
     }
 
@@ -583,7 +588,7 @@ public final class AdHocCommandManager extends Manager {
      * @param error the error to send.
      * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
      */
-    private static IQ respondError(AdHocCommandData response, StanzaError.Builder error) {
+    private static IQ respondError(AdHocCommandData response, StanzaError error) {
         response.setType(IQ.Type.error);
         response.setError(error);
         return response;

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/commands/provider/AdHocCommandDataProvider.java

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ public class AdHocCommandDataProvider extends IQProvider<AdHocCommandData> {
                     adHocCommandData.addNote(new AdHocCommandNote(type, value));
                 }
                 else if (parser.getName().equals("error")) {
-                    StanzaError.Builder error = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser);
+                    StanzaError error = PacketParserUtils.parseError(parser);
                     adHocCommandData.setError(error);
                 }
             }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/disco/ServiceDiscoveryManager.java

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public final class ServiceDiscoveryManager extends Manager {
                     // Return <item-not-found/> error since client doesn't contain
                     // the specified node
                     response.setType(IQ.Type.error);
-                    response.setError(StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found));
+                    response.setError(StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found).build());
                 }
                 return response;
             }
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ public final class ServiceDiscoveryManager extends Manager {
                     } else {
                         // Return <item-not-found/> error since specified node was not found
                         response.setType(IQ.Type.error);
-                        response.setError(StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found));
+                        response.setError(StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found).build());
                     }
                 }
                 return response;

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/filetransfer/FileTransferManager.java

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ public final class FileTransferManager extends Manager {
         // 'not-acceptable' should be returned. This is done by Smack in
         // Socks5BytestreamManager.replyRejectPacket(IQ).
         IQ rejection = IQ.createErrorResponse(initiation, StanzaError.getBuilder(
-                        StanzaError.Condition.forbidden));
+                        StanzaError.Condition.forbidden).build());
         connection().sendStanza(rejection);
     }
 }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/filetransfer/FileTransferNegotiator.java

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ public final class FileTransferNegotiator extends Manager {
 
         if (streamMethodField == null) {
             String errorMessage = "No stream methods contained in stanza.";
-            StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.from(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request, errorMessage);
+            StanzaError error = StanzaError.from(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request, errorMessage).build();
             IQ iqPacket = IQ.createErrorResponse(si, error);
             connection().sendStanza(iqPacket);
             throw new FileTransferException.NoStreamMethodsOfferedException();
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ public final class FileTransferNegotiator extends Manager {
             selectedStreamNegotiator = getNegotiator(streamMethodField);
         }
         catch (NoAcceptableTransferMechanisms e) {
-            IQ iqPacket = IQ.createErrorResponse(si, StanzaError.from(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request, "No acceptable transfer mechanism"));
+            IQ iqPacket = IQ.createErrorResponse(si, StanzaError.from(StanzaError.Condition.bad_request, "No acceptable transfer mechanism").build());
             connection().sendStanza(iqPacket);
             throw e;
         }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/geoloc/GeoLocationManager.java

@@ -80,8 +80,10 @@ public final class GeoLocationManager extends Manager {
 
         final XMPPConnection connection = connection();
 
-        Message geoLocationMessage = new Message(jid);
+        Message geoLocationMessage = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza()
-        geoLocationMessage.addExtension(geoLocation);
+                .to(jid)
+                .addExtension(geoLocation)
+                .build();
 
         connection.sendStanza(geoLocationMessage);
 

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/jingle/JingleUtil.java

@@ -424,9 +424,10 @@ public class JingleUtil {
      */
 
     public IQ createErrorUnknownSession(Jingle request) {
-        StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder();
+        StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder()
-        error.setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found)
+                        .setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.item_not_found)
-                .addExtension(JingleError.UNKNOWN_SESSION);
+                        .addExtension(JingleError.UNKNOWN_SESSION)
+                        .build();
         return IQ.createErrorResponse(request, error);
     }
 
@@ -445,9 +446,10 @@ public class JingleUtil {
     }
 
     public IQ createErrorUnsupportedInfo(Jingle request) {
-        StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder();
+        StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder()
-        error.setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.feature_not_implemented)
+                        .setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.feature_not_implemented)
-                .addExtension(JingleError.UNSUPPORTED_INFO);
+                        .addExtension(JingleError.UNSUPPORTED_INFO)
+                        .build();
         return IQ.createErrorResponse(request, error);
     }
 
@@ -457,9 +459,10 @@ public class JingleUtil {
     }
 
     public IQ createErrorTieBreak(Jingle request) {
-        StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder();
+        StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder()
-        error.setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.conflict)
+                        .setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.conflict)
-                .addExtension(JingleError.TIE_BREAK);
+                        .addExtension(JingleError.TIE_BREAK)
+                        .build();
         return IQ.createErrorResponse(request, error);
     }
 
@@ -469,9 +472,10 @@ public class JingleUtil {
     }
 
     public IQ createErrorOutOfOrder(Jingle request) {
-        StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder();
+        StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder()
-        error.setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.unexpected_request)
+                        .setCondition(StanzaError.Condition.unexpected_request)
-                .addExtension(JingleError.OUT_OF_ORDER);
+                        .addExtension(JingleError.OUT_OF_ORDER)
+                        .build();
         return IQ.createErrorResponse(request, error);
     }
 

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/jiveproperties/JivePropertiesManager.java

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaView;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.jiveproperties.packet.JivePropertiesExtension;
 
@@ -54,7 +56,10 @@ public class JivePropertiesManager {
      * @param packet the stanza to add the property to.
      * @param name the name of the property to add.
      * @param value the value of the property to add.
+     * @deprecated use {@link #addProperty(StanzaBuilder, String, Object)} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public static void addProperty(Stanza packet, String name, Object value) {
         JivePropertiesExtension jpe = (JivePropertiesExtension) packet.getExtension(JivePropertiesExtension.NAMESPACE);
         if (jpe == null) {
@@ -64,6 +69,22 @@ public class JivePropertiesManager {
         jpe.setProperty(name, value);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Convenience method to add a property to a stanza.
+     *
+     * @param stanzaBuilder the stanza to add the property to.
+     * @param name the name of the property to add.
+     * @param value the value of the property to add.
+     */
+    public static void addProperty(StanzaBuilder<?> stanzaBuilder, String name, Object value) {
+        JivePropertiesExtension jpe = (JivePropertiesExtension) stanzaBuilder.getExtension(JivePropertiesExtension.QNAME);
+        if (jpe == null) {
+            jpe = new JivePropertiesExtension();
+            stanzaBuilder.addExtension(jpe);
+        }
+        jpe.setProperty(name, value);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Convenience method to get a property from a packet. Will return null if the stanza contains
      * not property with the given name.
@@ -72,9 +93,9 @@ public class JivePropertiesManager {
      * @param name TODO javadoc me please
      * @return the property or <code>null</code> if none found.
      */
-    public static Object getProperty(Stanza packet, String name) {
+    public static Object getProperty(StanzaView packet, String name) {
         Object res = null;
-        JivePropertiesExtension jpe = (JivePropertiesExtension) packet.getExtension(JivePropertiesExtension.NAMESPACE);
+        JivePropertiesExtension jpe = (JivePropertiesExtension) packet.getExtension(JivePropertiesExtension.QNAME);
         if (jpe != null) {
             res = jpe.getProperty(name);
         }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/jiveproperties/packet/JivePropertiesExtension.java

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.ExtensionElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.XmlStringBuilder;
@@ -47,6 +49,8 @@ public class JivePropertiesExtension implements ExtensionElement {
 
     public static final String ELEMENT = "properties";
 
+    public static final QName QNAME = new QName(NAMESPACE, ELEMENT);
+
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(JivePropertiesExtension.class.getName());
 
     private final Map<String, Object> properties;

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/muc/MucEnterConfiguration.java

@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smackx.muc;
 
 import java.util.Date;
 
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.XMPPConnection;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.PresenceBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Consumer;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Objects;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.muc.packet.MUCInitialPresence;
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ public final class MucEnterConfiguration {
         timeout = builder.timeout;
 
         if (builder.joinPresence == null) {
-            joinPresence = new Presence(Presence.Type.available);
+            joinPresence = builder.joinPresenceBuilder.ofType(Presence.Type.available).build();
         }
         else {
             joinPresence = builder.joinPresence.clone();
@@ -87,11 +90,17 @@ public final class MucEnterConfiguration {
         private int seconds = -1;
         private Date since;
         private long timeout;
+
+        private final PresenceBuilder joinPresenceBuilder;
         private Presence joinPresence;
 
-        Builder(Resourcepart nickname, long timeout) {
+        Builder(Resourcepart nickname, XMPPConnection connection) {
             this.nickname = Objects.requireNonNull(nickname, "Nickname must not be null");
+
+            timeout = connection.getReplyTimeout();
             timeoutAfter(timeout);
+
+            joinPresenceBuilder = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza();
         }
 
         /**
@@ -103,7 +112,10 @@ public final class MucEnterConfiguration {
          *
          * @param presence TODO javadoc me please
          * @return a reference to this builder.
+         * @deprecated use {@link #withPresence(Consumer)} instead.
          */
+        @Deprecated
+        // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
         public Builder withPresence(Presence presence) {
             if (presence.getType() != Presence.Type.available) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Presence must be of type 'available'");
@@ -113,6 +125,26 @@ public final class MucEnterConfiguration {
             return this;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Set the presence used to join the MUC room.
+         * <p>
+         * The consumer must not modify the presence type, otherwise an {@link IllegalArgumentException} will be thrown.
+         * <p>
+         *
+         * @param presenceBuilderConsumer a consumer which will be passed the presence build.
+         * @return a reference to this builder.
+         * @since 4.5
+         */
+        public Builder withPresence(Consumer<? super PresenceBuilder> presenceBuilderConsumer) {
+            presenceBuilderConsumer.accept(joinPresenceBuilder);
+
+            if (joinPresenceBuilder.getType() != Presence.Type.available) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Presence must be of type 'available'");
+            }
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
         /**
          * Use the given password to join the MUC room.
          *

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/muc/MultiUserChat.java

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaTypeFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.ToMatchesFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Objects;
@@ -419,7 +420,7 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
      * @since 4.2
      */
     public MucEnterConfiguration.Builder getEnterConfigurationBuilder(Resourcepart nickname) {
-        return new MucEnterConfiguration.Builder(nickname, connection.getReplyTimeout());
+        return new MucEnterConfiguration.Builder(nickname, connection);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -744,8 +745,10 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
 
         // We leave a room by sending a presence packet where the "to"
         // field is in the form "roomName@service/nickname"
-        Presence leavePresence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+        Presence leavePresence = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
-        leavePresence.setTo(myRoomJid);
+                .ofType(Presence.Type.unavailable)
+                .to(myRoomJid)
+                .build();
 
         StanzaFilter reflectedLeavePresenceFilter = new AndFilter(
                         StanzaTypeFilter.PRESENCE,
@@ -927,7 +930,7 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
     public void invite(EntityBareJid user, String reason) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        invite(new Message(), user, reason);
+        invite(connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza(), user, reason);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -942,7 +945,10 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
      * @param reason the reason why the user is being invited.
      * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
+     * @deprecated use {@link #invite(MessageBuilder, EntityBareJid, String)} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void invite(Message message, EntityBareJid user, String reason) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
         // TODO listen for 404 error code when inviter supplies a non-existent JID
         message.setTo(room);
@@ -957,6 +963,34 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
         connection.sendStanza(message);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Invites another user to the room in which one is an occupant using a given Message. The invitation
+     * will be sent to the room which in turn will forward the invitation to the invitee.<p>
+     *
+     * If the room is password-protected, the invitee will receive a password to use to join
+     * the room. If the room is members-only, the the invitee may be added to the member list.
+     *
+     * @param messageBuilder the message to use for sending the invitation.
+     * @param user the user to invite to the room.(e.g. hecate@shakespeare.lit)
+     * @param reason the reason why the user is being invited.
+     * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
+     * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
+     */
+    public void invite(MessageBuilder messageBuilder, EntityBareJid user, String reason) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
+        // TODO listen for 404 error code when inviter supplies a non-existent JID
+        messageBuilder.to(room);
+
+        // Create the MUCUser packet that will include the invitation
+        MUCUser mucUser = new MUCUser();
+        MUCUser.Invite invite = new MUCUser.Invite(reason, user);
+        mucUser.setInvite(invite);
+        // Add the MUCUser packet that includes the invitation to the message
+        messageBuilder.addExtension(mucUser);
+
+        Message message = messageBuilder.build();
+        connection.sendStanza(message);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Adds a listener to invitation rejections notifications. The listener will be fired anytime
      * an invitation is declined.
@@ -1126,8 +1160,10 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
         // We change the nickname by sending a presence packet where the "to"
         // field is in the form "roomName@service/nickname"
         // We don't have to signal the MUC support again
-        Presence joinPresence = new Presence(Presence.Type.available);
+        Presence joinPresence = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
-        joinPresence.setTo(jid);
+                .to(jid)
+                .ofType(Presence.Type.available)
+                .build();
 
         // Wait for a presence packet back from the server.
         StanzaFilter responseFilter =
@@ -1167,10 +1203,12 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
         }
         // We change the availability status by sending a presence packet to the room with the
         // new presence status and mode
-        Presence joinPresence = new Presence(Presence.Type.available);
+        Presence joinPresence = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
-        joinPresence.setStatus(status);
+                .to(myRoomJid)
-        joinPresence.setMode(mode);
+                .ofType(Presence.Type.available)
-        joinPresence.setTo(myRoomJid);
+                .setStatus(status)
+                .setMode(mode)
+                .build();
 
         // Send join packet.
         connection.sendStanza(joinPresence);
@@ -1220,8 +1258,11 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
         requestVoiceField.setLabel("Requested role");
         requestVoiceField.addValue("participant");
         form.addField(requestVoiceField.build());
-        Message message = new Message(room);
+
-        message.addExtension(form);
+        Message message = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza()
+                .to(room)
+                .addExtension(form)
+                .build();
         connection.sendStanza(message);
     }
 
@@ -1887,8 +1928,9 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
     public void sendMessage(String text) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Message message = createMessage();
+        Message message = buildMessage()
-        message.setBody(text);
+                .setBody(text)
+                .build();
         connection.sendStanza(message);
     }
 
@@ -1914,9 +1956,28 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
      * Creates a new Message to send to the chat room.
      *
      * @return a new Message addressed to the chat room.
+     * @deprecated use {@link #buildMessage()} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove when stanza builder is ready.
     public Message createMessage() {
-        return new Message(room, Message.Type.groupchat);
+        return connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza()
+                .ofType(Message.Type.groupchat)
+                .to(room)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new message builder for messages send to this MUC room.
+     *
+     * @return a new message builder.
+     */
+    public MessageBuilder buildMessage() {
+        return connection.getStanzaFactory()
+                .buildMessageStanza()
+                .ofType(Message.Type.groupchat)
+                .to(room)
+                ;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1925,10 +1986,23 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
      * @param message the message.
      * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
+     * @deprecated use {@link #sendMessage(MessageBuilder)} instead.
      */
+    @Deprecated
+    // TODO: Remove in Smack 4.5.
     public void sendMessage(Message message) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        message.setTo(room);
+        sendMessage(message.asBuilder());
-        message.setType(Message.Type.groupchat);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a Message to the chat room.
+     *
+     * @param messageBuilder the message.
+     * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
+     * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
+     */
+    public void sendMessage(MessageBuilder messageBuilder) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
+        Message message = messageBuilder.to(room).ofType(Message.Type.groupchat).build();
         connection.sendStanza(message);
     }
 
@@ -2024,7 +2098,7 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
     public void changeSubject(final String subject) throws NoResponseException, XMPPErrorException, NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Message message = createMessage();
+        MessageBuilder message = buildMessage();
         message.setSubject(subject);
         // Wait for an error or confirmation message back from the server.
         StanzaFilter responseFilter = new AndFilter(fromRoomGroupchatFilter, new StanzaFilter() {
@@ -2034,7 +2108,7 @@ public class MultiUserChat {
                 return subject.equals(msg.getSubject());
             }
         });
-        StanzaCollector response = connection.createStanzaCollectorAndSend(responseFilter, message);
+        StanzaCollector response = connection.createStanzaCollectorAndSend(responseFilter, message.build());
         // Wait up to a certain number of seconds for a reply.
         response.nextResultOrThrow();
     }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/muc/MultiUserChatManager.java

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaExtensionFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaTypeFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.Async;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.CleaningWeakReferenceMap;
@@ -438,16 +439,18 @@ public final class MultiUserChatManager extends Manager {
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
     public void decline(EntityBareJid room, EntityBareJid inviter, String reason) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Message message = new Message(room);
+        XMPPConnection connection = connection();
+
+        MessageBuilder messageBuilder = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildMessageStanza().to(room);
 
         // Create the MUCUser packet that will include the rejection
         MUCUser mucUser = new MUCUser();
         MUCUser.Decline decline = new MUCUser.Decline(reason, inviter);
         mucUser.setDecline(decline);
         // Add the MUCUser packet that includes the rejection
-        message.addExtension(mucUser);
+        messageBuilder.addExtension(mucUser);
 
-        connection().sendStanza(message);
+        connection.sendStanza(messageBuilder.build());
     }
 
     /**

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/ping/PingManager.java

@@ -193,8 +193,9 @@ public final class PingManager extends Manager {
             }
         };
 
-        Ping ping = new Ping(jid);
+        XMPPConnection connection = connection();
-        connection().sendIqRequestAsync(ping, pongTimeout)
+        Ping ping = new Ping(connection, jid);
+        connection.sendIqRequestAsync(ping, pongTimeout)
         .onSuccess(new SuccessCallback<IQ>() {
             @Override
             public void onSuccess(IQ result) {
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ public final class PingManager extends Manager {
         if (!connection.isAuthenticated()) {
             throw new NotConnectedException();
         }
-        Ping ping = new Ping(jid);
+        Ping ping = new Ping(connection, jid);
         try {
             connection.createStanzaCollectorAndSend(ping).nextResultOrThrow(pingTimeout);
         }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/ping/packet/Ping.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  *
- * Copyright 2012-2015 Florian Schmaus
+ * Copyright 2012-2019 Florian Schmaus
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
  */
 package org.jivesoftware.smackx.ping.packet;
 
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.XMPPConnection;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IqBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.SimpleIQ;
 
 import org.jxmpp.jid.Jid;
@@ -36,6 +38,18 @@ public class Ping extends SimpleIQ {
         setType(IQ.Type.get);
     }
 
+    public Ping(XMPPConnection connection, Jid to) {
+        this(connection.getStanzaFactory().buildIqStanza(), to);
+    }
+
+    public Ping(IqBuilder iqBuilder, Jid to) {
+        super(iqBuilder.to(to).ofType(IQ.Type.get), ELEMENT, NAMESPACE);
+    }
+
+    public Ping(IqBuilder iqBuilder) {
+        super(iqBuilder, ELEMENT, NAMESPACE);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Create an XMPP Pong for this Ping.
      *

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/receipts/DeliveryReceiptManager.java

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.filter.StanzaTypeFilter;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.roster.Roster;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
 
@@ -342,8 +343,11 @@ public final class DeliveryReceiptManager extends Manager {
         if (StringUtils.isNullOrEmpty(stanzaId)) {
             return null;
         }
-        Message message = new Message(messageWithReceiptRequest.getFrom(), messageWithReceiptRequest.getType());
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.addExtension(new DeliveryReceipt(stanzaId));
+                .ofType(messageWithReceiptRequest.getType())
+                .to(messageWithReceiptRequest.getFrom())
+                .addExtension(new DeliveryReceipt(stanzaId))
+                .build();
         return message;
     }
 }

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/receipts/DeliveryReceiptRequest.java

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import java.io.IOException;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.ExtensionElement;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.XmlEnvironment;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.provider.ExtensionElementProvider;
@@ -81,12 +82,28 @@ public class DeliveryReceiptRequest implements ExtensionElement {
      * @param message Message object to add a request to
      * @return the Message ID which will be used as receipt ID
      */
+    // TODO: Deprecate in favor of addTo(MessageBuilder) once connection's stanza interceptors use StanzaBuilder.
     public static String addTo(Message message) {
-        message.ensureStanzaIdSet();
+        message.throwIfNoStanzaId();
+
         message.addExtension(new DeliveryReceiptRequest());
         return message.getStanzaId();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Add a delivery receipt request to an outgoing packet.
+     *
+     * Only message packets may contain receipt requests as of XEP-0184,
+     * therefore only allow Message as the parameter type.
+     *
+     * @param messageBuilder Message object to add a request to
+     */
+    public static void addTo(MessageBuilder messageBuilder) {
+        messageBuilder.throwIfNoStanzaId();
+
+        messageBuilder.overrideExtension(new DeliveryReceiptRequest());
+    }
+
     /**
      * This Provider parses and returns DeliveryReceiptRequest packets.
      */

smack-extensions/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/vcardtemp/VCardManager.java

@@ -98,13 +98,15 @@ public final class VCardManager extends Manager {
      * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
+    // TODO: Split VCard into VCardIq and VCardData, then create saveVCard(VCardData) and deprecate this method.
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
     public void saveVCard(VCard vcard) throws NoResponseException, XMPPErrorException, NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
         // XEP-54 § 3.2 "A user may publish or update his or her vCard by sending an IQ of type "set" with no 'to' address…"
         vcard.setTo((Jid) null);
         vcard.setType(IQ.Type.set);
         // Also make sure to generate a new stanza id (the given vcard could be a vcard result), in which case we don't
         // want to use the same stanza id again (although it wouldn't break if we did)
-        vcard.setNewStanzaId();
+        vcard.setStanzaId();
         connection().createStanzaCollectorAndSend(vcard).nextResultOrThrow();
     }
 

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/bytestreams/ibb/IBBPacketUtils.java

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public class IBBPacketUtils {
      * @return an error IQ
      */
     public static IQ createErrorIQ(Jid from, Jid to, StanzaError.Condition condition) {
-        StanzaError.Builder xmppError = StanzaError.getBuilder(condition);
+        StanzaError xmppError = StanzaError.getBuilder(condition).build();
         IQ errorIQ = new ErrorIQ(xmppError);
         errorIQ.setType(IQ.Type.error);
         errorIQ.setFrom(from);

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/bytestreams/ibb/InBandBytestreamSessionMessageTest.java

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.XMPPConnection;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.XMPPException;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.stringencoder.Base64;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.InitExtensions;
@@ -266,8 +267,9 @@ public class InBandBytestreamSessionMessageTest extends InitExtensions {
         // build invalid packet with out of order sequence
         String base64Data = Base64.encode("Data");
         DataPacketExtension dpe = new DataPacketExtension(sessionID, 123, base64Data);
-        Message dataMessage = new Message();
+        Message dataMessage = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        dataMessage.addExtension(dpe);
+                .addExtension(dpe)
+                .build();
 
         // add data packets
         listener.processStanza(dataMessage);
@@ -307,8 +309,9 @@ public class InBandBytestreamSessionMessageTest extends InitExtensions {
         for (int i = 0; i < controlData.length / blockSize; i++) {
             String base64Data = Base64.encodeToString(controlData, i * blockSize, blockSize);
             DataPacketExtension dpe = new DataPacketExtension(sessionID, i, base64Data);
-            Message dataMessage = new Message();
+            Message dataMessage = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-            dataMessage.addExtension(dpe);
+                    .addExtension(dpe)
+                    .build();
             listener.processStanza(dataMessage);
         }
 
@@ -352,8 +355,9 @@ public class InBandBytestreamSessionMessageTest extends InitExtensions {
         for (int i = 0; i < controlData.length / blockSize; i++) {
             String base64Data = Base64.encodeToString(controlData, i * blockSize, blockSize);
             DataPacketExtension dpe = new DataPacketExtension(sessionID, i, base64Data);
-            Message dataMessage = new Message();
+            Message dataMessage = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-            dataMessage.addExtension(dpe);
+                    .addExtension(dpe)
+                    .build();
             listener.processStanza(dataMessage);
         }
 

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/bytestreams/socks5/Socks5ByteStreamManagerTest.java

@@ -413,8 +413,8 @@ public class Socks5ByteStreamManagerTest {
                         Verification.requestTypeGET);
 
         // build error packet to reject SOCKS5 Bytestream
-        StanzaError.Builder builder = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.not_acceptable);
+        StanzaError stanzaError = StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.not_acceptable).build();
-        IQ rejectPacket = new ErrorIQ(builder);
+        IQ rejectPacket = new ErrorIQ(stanzaError);
         rejectPacket.setFrom(targetJID);
         rejectPacket.setTo(initiatorJID);
 

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/bytestreams/socks5/Socks5ClientForInitiatorTest.java

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ public class Socks5ClientForInitiatorTest {
         XMPPConnection connection = ConnectionUtils.createMockedConnection(protocol, initiatorJID);
 
         // build error response as reply to the stream activation
-        IQ error = new ErrorIQ(StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.internal_server_error));
+        IQ error = new ErrorIQ(StanzaError.getBuilder(StanzaError.Condition.internal_server_error).build());
         error.setFrom(proxyJID);
         error.setTo(initiatorJID);
 

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/last_interaction/IdleTest.java

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import static org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.XmlUnitUtils.assertXmlSimilar;
 import java.util.Date;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.SmackTestSuite;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.TestUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
@@ -50,7 +51,9 @@ public class IdleTest extends SmackTestSuite {
 
     @Test
     public void helperTest() {
-        Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.available);
+        Presence presence = StanzaBuilder.buildPresence()
+                .ofType(Presence.Type.available)
+                .build();
         IdleElement.addToPresence(presence);
         IdleElement element = IdleElement.fromPresence(presence);
         assertNotNull(element);

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/mood/MoodManagerTest.java

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertNotNull;
 import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertTrue;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.SmackTestSuite;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.mood.element.MoodElement;
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ public class MoodManagerTest extends SmackTestSuite {
 
     @Test
     public void addMessageTest() {
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         MoodManager.addMoodToMessage(message, Mood.sad);
 
         assertTrue(message.hasExtension(MoodElement.ELEMENT, MoodElement.NAMESPACE));
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ public class MoodManagerTest extends SmackTestSuite {
         assertFalse(element.hasConcretisation());
         assertFalse(element.hasText());
 
-        message = new Message();
+        message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage().build();
         MoodManager.addMoodToMessage(message, Mood.happy, new MoodConcretisationTest.EcstaticMoodConcretisation());
         element = MoodElement.fromMessage(message);
         assertTrue(element.hasConcretisation());

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/pubsub/ConfigureFormTest.java

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public class ConfigureFormTest extends InitExtensions {
         PubSub errorIq = new PubSub();
         errorIq.setType(Type.error);
         errorIq.setFrom(PubSubManagerTest.DUMMY_PUBSUB_SERVICE);
-        StanzaError.Builder error = StanzaError.getBuilder(Condition.forbidden);
+        StanzaError error = StanzaError.getBuilder(Condition.forbidden).build();
         errorIq.setError(error);
         con.addIQReply(errorIq);
 

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/receipts/DeliveryReceiptTest.java

@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ import java.util.Properties;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.DummyConnection;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.WaitForPacketListener;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.PacketParserUtils;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
@@ -38,7 +40,6 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smackx.receipts.DeliveryReceiptManager.AutoReceiptMode;
 import com.jamesmurty.utils.XMLBuilder;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.jxmpp.jid.Jid;
-import org.jxmpp.jid.impl.JidCreate;
 
 public class DeliveryReceiptTest extends InitExtensions {
 
@@ -66,10 +67,13 @@ public class DeliveryReceiptTest extends InitExtensions {
 
         assertTrue(DeliveryReceiptManager.hasDeliveryReceiptRequest(p));
 
-        Message m = new Message(JidCreate.from("romeo@montague.com"), Message.Type.normal);
+        MessageBuilder messageBuilder = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("request-id")
-        assertFalse(DeliveryReceiptManager.hasDeliveryReceiptRequest(m));
+                .to("romeo@montague.com")
-        DeliveryReceiptRequest.addTo(m);
+                .ofType(Message.Type.normal)
-        assertTrue(DeliveryReceiptManager.hasDeliveryReceiptRequest(m));
+                ;
+        assertFalse(DeliveryReceiptManager.hasDeliveryReceiptRequest(messageBuilder.build()));
+        DeliveryReceiptRequest.addTo(messageBuilder);
+        assertTrue(DeliveryReceiptManager.hasDeliveryReceiptRequest(messageBuilder.build()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -81,10 +85,12 @@ public class DeliveryReceiptTest extends InitExtensions {
         TestReceiptReceivedListener rrl = new TestReceiptReceivedListener();
         drm.addReceiptReceivedListener(rrl);
 
-        Message m = new Message(JidCreate.from("romeo@montague.com"), Message.Type.normal);
+        Message m = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("reply-id")
-        m.setFrom(JidCreate.from("julia@capulet.com"));
+                .from("julia@capulet.com")
-        m.setStanzaId("reply-id");
+                .to("romeo@montague.com")
-        m.addExtension(new DeliveryReceipt("original-test-id"));
+                .ofType(Message.Type.normal)
+                .addExtension(new DeliveryReceipt("original-test-id"))
+                .build();
         c.processStanza(m);
 
         rrl.waitUntilInvocationOrTimeout();
@@ -110,13 +116,15 @@ public class DeliveryReceiptTest extends InitExtensions {
         assertEquals(AutoReceiptMode.always, drm.getAutoReceiptMode());
 
         // test auto-receipts
-        Message m = new Message(JidCreate.from("julia@capulet.com"), Message.Type.normal);
+        MessageBuilder messageBuilder = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage("test-receipt-request")
-        m.setFrom(JidCreate.from("romeo@montague.com"));
+                .to("julia@capulet.com")
-        m.setStanzaId("test-receipt-request");
+                .from("romeo@montague.com")
-        DeliveryReceiptRequest.addTo(m);
+                .ofType(Message.Type.normal)
+                ;
+        DeliveryReceiptRequest.addTo(messageBuilder);
 
         // the DRM will send a reply-packet
-        c.processStanza(m);
+        c.processStanza(messageBuilder.build());
 
         Stanza reply = c.getSentPacket();
         DeliveryReceipt r = DeliveryReceipt.from((Message) reply);

smack-extensions/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smackx/usertune/UserTuneManagerTest.java

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URISyntaxException;
 
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.SmackTestSuite;
 import org.jivesoftware.smackx.usertune.element.UserTuneElement;
 
@@ -45,8 +46,9 @@ public class UserTuneManagerTest extends SmackTestSuite{
         builder.setUri(uri);
         UserTuneElement userTuneElement = builder.build();
 
-        Message message = new Message();
+        Message message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.addExtension(userTuneElement);
+                .addExtension(userTuneElement)
+                .build();
 
         assertTrue(message.hasExtension(UserTuneElement.ELEMENT, UserTuneElement.NAMESPACE));
         assertTrue(UserTuneElement.hasUserTuneElement(message));

smack-im/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/chat/Chat.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.SmackException.NotConnectedException;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.StanzaCollector;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.util.StringUtils;
 
 import org.jxmpp.jid.EntityJid;
@@ -98,11 +100,28 @@ public class Chat {
      * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
      */
     public void sendMessage(String text) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Message message = new Message();
+        MessageBuilder message = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
-        message.setBody(text);
+                .setBody(text);
         sendMessage(message);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the other chat participant. The thread ID, recipient,
+     * and message type of the message will automatically set to those of this chat.
+     *
+     * @param message the message to send.
+     * @throws NotConnectedException if the XMPP connection is not connected.
+     * @throws InterruptedException if the calling thread was interrupted.
+     */
+    public void sendMessage(MessageBuilder message) throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
+        // Force the recipient, message type, and thread ID since the user elected
+        // to send the message through this chat object.
+        message.to(participant);
+        message.ofType(Message.Type.chat);
+        message.setThread(threadID);
+        chatManager.sendMessage(this, message.build());
+    }
+
     /**
      * Sends a message to the other chat participant. The thread ID, recipient,
      * and message type of the message will automatically set to those of this chat.

smack-im/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/roster/Roster.java

@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ import org.jivesoftware.smack.iqrequest.AbstractIqRequestHandler;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ.Type;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Presence;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.PresenceBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaError.Condition;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.roster.SubscribeListener.SubscribeAnswer;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.roster.packet.RosterPacket;
@@ -286,23 +288,26 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
                     return;
                 }
 
-                Presence response;
+                Presence.Type type;
                 switch (subscribeAnswer) {
                 case ApproveAndAlsoRequestIfRequired:
                     BareJid bareFrom = from.asBareJid();
                     RosterUtil.askForSubscriptionIfRequired(Roster.this, bareFrom);
                     // The fall through is intended.
                 case Approve:
-                    response = new Presence(Presence.Type.subscribed);
+                    type = Presence.Type.subscribed;
                     break;
                 case Deny:
-                    response = new Presence(Presence.Type.unsubscribed);
+                    type = Presence.Type.unsubscribed;
                     break;
                 default:
                     throw new AssertionError();
                 }
 
-                response.setTo(presence.getFrom());
+                Presence response = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
+                        .ofType(type)
+                        .to(presence.getFrom())
+                        .build();
                 connection.sendStanza(response);
             }
         }, PresenceTypeFilter.SUBSCRIBE);
@@ -747,8 +752,10 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
             throw new FeatureNotSupportedException("Pre-approving");
         }
 
-        Presence presencePacket = new Presence(Presence.Type.subscribed);
+        Presence presencePacket = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
-        presencePacket.setTo(user);
+            .ofType(Presence.Type.subscribed)
+            .to(user)
+            .build();
         connection.sendStanza(presencePacket);
     }
 
@@ -768,8 +775,10 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
         final XMPPConnection connection = getAuthenticatedConnectionOrThrow();
 
         // Create a presence subscription packet and send.
-        Presence presencePacket = new Presence(Presence.Type.subscribe);
+        Presence presencePacket = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
-        presencePacket.setTo(jid);
+                .ofType(Presence.Type.subscribe)
+                .to(jid)
+                .build();
         connection.sendStanza(presencePacket);
     }
 
@@ -1000,8 +1009,7 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
     public Presence getPresence(BareJid jid) {
         Map<Resourcepart, Presence> userPresences = getPresencesInternal(jid);
         if (userPresences == null) {
-            Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+            Presence presence = synthesizeUnvailablePresence(jid);
-            presence.setFrom(jid);
             return presence;
         }
         else {
@@ -1042,8 +1050,7 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
                     return unavailable.clone();
                 }
                 else {
-                    presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+                    presence = synthesizeUnvailablePresence(jid);
-                    presence.setFrom(jid);
                     return presence;
                 }
             }
@@ -1067,15 +1074,13 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
         Resourcepart resource = userWithResource.getResourcepart();
         Map<Resourcepart, Presence> userPresences = getPresencesInternal(key);
         if (userPresences == null) {
-            Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+            Presence presence = synthesizeUnvailablePresence(userWithResource);
-            presence.setFrom(userWithResource);
             return presence;
         }
         else {
             Presence presence = userPresences.get(resource);
             if (presence == null) {
-                presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+                presence = synthesizeUnvailablePresence(userWithResource);
-                presence.setFrom(userWithResource);
                 return presence;
             }
             else {
@@ -1097,8 +1102,7 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
         List<Presence> res;
         if (userPresences == null) {
             // Create an unavailable presence if none was found
-            Presence unavailable = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+            Presence unavailable = synthesizeUnvailablePresence(bareJid);
-            unavailable.setFrom(bareJid);
             res = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(unavailable));
         } else {
             res = new ArrayList<>(userPresences.values().size());
@@ -1143,8 +1147,7 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
         List<Presence> res;
         Map<Resourcepart, Presence> userPresences = getPresencesInternal(jid);
         if (userPresences == null) {
-            Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+            Presence presence = synthesizeUnvailablePresence(jid);
-            presence.setFrom(jid);
             res = Arrays.asList(presence);
         }
         else {
@@ -1166,8 +1169,7 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
                 res = Arrays.asList(unavailable.clone());
             }
             else {
-                Presence presence = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+                Presence presence = synthesizeUnvailablePresence(jid);
-                presence.setFrom(jid);
                 res = Arrays.asList(presence);
             }
         }
@@ -1266,20 +1268,20 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
      * presence sent from the server.
      */
     private void setOfflinePresences() {
-        Presence packetUnavailable;
         outerloop: for (Jid user : presenceMap.keySet()) {
             Map<Resourcepart, Presence> resources = presenceMap.get(user);
             if (resources != null) {
                 for (Resourcepart resource : resources.keySet()) {
-                    packetUnavailable = new Presence(Presence.Type.unavailable);
+                    PresenceBuilder presenceBuilder = StanzaBuilder.buildPresence()
+                            .ofType(Presence.Type.unavailable);
                     EntityBareJid bareUserJid = user.asEntityBareJidIfPossible();
                     if (bareUserJid == null) {
                         LOGGER.warning("Can not transform user JID to bare JID: '" + user + "'");
                         continue;
                     }
-                    packetUnavailable.setFrom(JidCreate.fullFrom(bareUserJid, resource));
+                    presenceBuilder.from(JidCreate.fullFrom(bareUserJid, resource));
                     try {
-                        presencePacketListener.processStanza(packetUnavailable);
+                        presencePacketListener.processStanza(presenceBuilder.build());
                     }
                     catch (NotConnectedException e) {
                         throw new IllegalStateException(
@@ -1471,6 +1473,13 @@ public final class Roster extends Manager {
         }
     }
 
+    private static Presence synthesizeUnvailablePresence(Jid from) {
+        return StanzaBuilder.buildPresence()
+                .ofType(Presence.Type.unavailable)
+                .from(from)
+                .build();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Check if the server supports roster versioning.
      *

smack-im/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/roster/RosterEntry.java

@@ -218,8 +218,12 @@ public final class RosterEntry extends Manager {
      * @since 4.2
      */
     public void cancelSubscription() throws NotConnectedException, InterruptedException {
-        Presence unsubscribed = new Presence(item.getJid(), Type.unsubscribed);
+        XMPPConnection connection = connection();
-        connection().sendStanza(unsubscribed);
+        Presence unsubscribed = connection.getStanzaFactory().buildPresenceStanza()
+                .to(item.getJid())
+                .ofType(Type.unsubscribed)
+                .build();
+        connection.sendStanza(unsubscribed);
     }
 
     @Override

smack-im/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/roster/provider/RosterVerStreamFeatureProvider.java

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.roster.provider;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.XmlEnvironment;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.provider.ExtensionElementProvider;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.roster.packet.RosterVer;
-
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
 
 public class RosterVerStreamFeatureProvider extends ExtensionElementProvider<RosterVer> {

smack-im/src/main/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/roster/provider/SubscriptionPreApprovalStreamFeatureProvider.java

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package org.jivesoftware.smack.roster.provider;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.XmlEnvironment;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.provider.ExtensionElementProvider;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.roster.packet.SubscriptionPreApproval;
-
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.xml.XmlPullParser;
 
 public class SubscriptionPreApprovalStreamFeatureProvider extends ExtensionElementProvider<SubscriptionPreApproval> {

smack-im/src/test/java/org/jivesoftware/smack/chat/ChatConnectionTest.java

@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.DummyConnection;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Message.Type;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.MessageBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Stanza;
+import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.StanzaBuilder;
 import org.jivesoftware.smack.test.util.WaitForPacketListener;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -89,49 +91,49 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
 
     @Test
     public void validateMessageTypeWithDefaults1() {
-        Message incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
+        MessageBuilder incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
-        incomingChat.setType(Type.chat);
+        incomingChat.ofType(Type.chat);
-        processServerMessage(incomingChat);
+        processServerMessage(incomingChat.build());
         assertNotNull(listener.getNewChat());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void validateMessageTypeWithDefaults2() {
-        Message incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
+        MessageBuilder incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
-        incomingChat.setType(Type.normal);
+        incomingChat.ofType(Type.normal);
-        processServerMessage(incomingChat);
+        processServerMessage(incomingChat.build());
         assertNotNull(listener.getNewChat());
     }
     @Test
     public void validateMessageTypeWithDefaults3() {
-        Message incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
+        MessageBuilder incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
-        incomingChat.setType(Type.groupchat);
+        incomingChat.ofType(Type.groupchat);
-        processServerMessage(incomingChat);
+        processServerMessage(incomingChat.build());
         assertNull(listener.getNewChat());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void validateMessageTypeWithDefaults4() {
-        Message incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
+        MessageBuilder incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
-        incomingChat.setType(Type.headline);
+        incomingChat.ofType(Type.headline);
         assertNull(listener.getNewChat());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void validateMessageTypeWithNoNormal1() {
         cm.setNormalIncluded(false);
-        Message incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
+        MessageBuilder incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
-        incomingChat.setType(Type.chat);
+        incomingChat.ofType(Type.chat);
-        processServerMessage(incomingChat);
+        processServerMessage(incomingChat.build());
         assertNotNull(listener.getNewChat());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void validateMessageTypeWithNoNormal2() {
         cm.setNormalIncluded(false);
-        Message incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
+        MessageBuilder incomingChat = createChatPacket("134", true);
-        incomingChat.setType(Type.normal);
+        incomingChat.ofType(Type.normal);
-        processServerMessage(incomingChat);
+        processServerMessage(incomingChat.build());
         assertNull(listener.getNewChat());
     }
 
@@ -142,18 +144,18 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
         TestMessageListener msgListener = new TestMessageListener();
         TestChatManagerListener listener = new TestChatManagerListener(msgListener);
         cm.addChatListener(listener);
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, true);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
         assertNotNull(newChat);
 
         // Should match on chat with full jid
-        incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, true);
+        incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         assertEquals(2, msgListener.getNumMessages());
 
         // Should match on chat with bare jid
-        incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, false);
+        incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, false);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         assertEquals(3, msgListener.getNumMessages());
     }
@@ -164,21 +166,21 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
         TestChatManagerListener listener = new TestChatManagerListener(msgListener);
         cm.setMatchMode(ChatManager.MatchMode.SUPPLIED_JID);
         cm.addChatListener(listener);
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, true);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
         assertNotNull(newChat);
         cm.removeChatListener(listener);
 
         // Should match on chat with full jid
-        incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, true);
+        incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         assertEquals(2, msgListener.getNumMessages());
 
         // Should not match on chat with bare jid
         TestChatManagerListener listener2 = new TestChatManagerListener();
         cm.addChatListener(listener2);
-        incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, false);
+        incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, false);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         assertEquals(2, msgListener.getNumMessages());
         assertNotNull(listener2.getNewChat());
@@ -190,7 +192,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
         TestChatManagerListener listener = new TestChatManagerListener(msgListener);
         cm.setMatchMode(ChatManager.MatchMode.NONE);
         cm.addChatListener(listener);
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, true);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
         assertNotNull(newChat);
@@ -200,7 +202,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
         // Should not match on chat with full jid
         TestChatManagerListener listener2 = new TestChatManagerListener();
         cm.addChatListener(listener2);
-        incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, true);
+        incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         assertEquals(1, msgListener.getNumMessages());
         assertNotNull(newChat);
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
         // Should not match on chat with bare jid
         TestChatManagerListener listener3 = new TestChatManagerListener();
         cm.addChatListener(listener3);
-        incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, false);
+        incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, false);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
         assertEquals(1, msgListener.getNumMessages());
         assertNotNull(listener3.getNewChat());
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
     public void chatFoundWhenNoThreadEntityFullJid() {
         Chat outgoing = cm.createChat(JidTestUtil.DUMMY_AT_EXAMPLE_ORG, null);
 
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, true);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
 
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
@@ -239,7 +241,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
     public void chatFoundWhenNoThreadBaseJid() {
         Chat outgoing = cm.createChat(JidTestUtil.DUMMY_AT_EXAMPLE_ORG, null);
 
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, false);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(null, false);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
 
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
     public void chatFoundWithSameThreadEntityFullJid() {
         Chat outgoing = cm.createChat(JidTestUtil.DUMMY_AT_EXAMPLE_ORG, null);
 
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(outgoing.getThreadID(), true);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(outgoing.getThreadID(), true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
 
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
     public void chatFoundWithSameThreadBaseJid() {
         Chat outgoing = cm.createChat(JidTestUtil.DUMMY_AT_EXAMPLE_ORG, null);
 
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(outgoing.getThreadID(), false);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(outgoing.getThreadID(), false);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
 
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
@@ -287,7 +289,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
     public void chatNotFoundWithDiffThreadBaseJid() {
         Chat outgoing = cm.createChat(JidTestUtil.DUMMY_AT_EXAMPLE_ORG, null);
 
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(outgoing.getThreadID() + "ff", false);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(outgoing.getThreadID() + "ff", false);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
 
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
     public void chatNotFoundWithDiffThreadEntityFullJid() {
         Chat outgoing = cm.createChat(JidTestUtil.DUMMY_AT_EXAMPLE_ORG, null);
 
-        Stanza incomingChat = createChatPacket(outgoing.getThreadID() + "ff", true);
+        Stanza incomingChat = createChatMessage(outgoing.getThreadID() + "ff", true);
         processServerMessage(incomingChat);
 
         Chat newChat = listener.getNewChat();
@@ -315,15 +317,17 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
     public void chatNotMatchedWithTypeNormal() {
         cm.setNormalIncluded(false);
 
-        Message incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, false);
+        MessageBuilder incomingChat = createChatPacket(null, false);
-        incomingChat.setType(Type.normal);
+        incomingChat.ofType(Type.normal);
-        processServerMessage(incomingChat);
+        processServerMessage(incomingChat.build());
 
         assertNull(listener.getNewChat());
     }
 
-    private static Message createChatPacket(final String threadId, final boolean isEntityFullJid) {
+    private static MessageBuilder createChatPacket(final String threadId, final boolean isEntityFullJid) {
-        Message chatMsg = new Message(JidTestUtil.BARE_JID_1, Message.Type.chat);
+        MessageBuilder chatMsg = StanzaBuilder.buildMessage()
+                .ofType(Message.Type.chat)
+                .to(JidTestUtil.BARE_JID_1);
         chatMsg.setBody("the body message - " + System.currentTimeMillis());
         Jid jid;
         if (isEntityFullJid) {
@@ -331,11 +335,15 @@ public class ChatConnectionTest {
         } else {
             jid = JidTestUtil.DUMMY_AT_EXAMPLE_ORG;
         }
-        chatMsg.setFrom(jid);
+        chatMsg.from(jid);
         chatMsg.setThread(threadId);
         return chatMsg;
     }
 
+    private static Message createChatMessage(final String threadId, final boolean isEntityFullJid) {
+        return createChatPacket(threadId, isEntityFullJid).build();
+    }
+
     private void processServerMessage(Stanza incomingChat) {
         TestChatServer chatServer = new TestChatServer(incomingChat, dc);
         chatServer.start();